Generated by All in One SEO Pro v4.9.10, this is an llms.txt file, used by LLMs to index the site. # ISCD ## Sitemaps - [XML Sitemap](https://iscd.org/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website. ## Posts - [Blog](https://iscd.org/blog/) - Take a look here on how to setup your blog page: http://docs.uxthemes.com/article/243-how-to-setup-your-blog-page - [New Membership Structure Coming Soon](https://iscd.org/2026/07/10/new-membership-structure-coming-soon/) - For the past six years, ISCD has held its membership types and rates steady even as program investment, operational costs, and the scope of member services have grown. That stability has been a point of pride, and it reflects the Board's commitment to maintaining the value and accessibility of ISCD membership. Today, we are sharing an important - [ISCD Strategic Plan 2026-28](https://iscd.org/2026/03/01/iscd-strategic-plan-2026-28/) - "Strengthening lives through excellence in musculoskeletal health assessment" - our new mission statement - is one of the many positive outcomes born from our strategic planning process. For the better part of last year, ISCD leadership, volunteers and staff shared their time, expertise and passion for the field of musculoskeletal health to formulate a three-year - [2026 ISCD Regional Panel Activities](https://iscd.org/2026/06/09/2026-iscd-regional-panel-activities/) - ISCD's Regional Panels support the development of regional meetings of the ISCD, including educational courses, aim to grow ISCD membership, and advocate for access to bone densitometry and osteoporosis care in their region. Learn more about the recent activities of some of our ISCD Regional Panels. The course comprised a comprehensive didactic program spanning 13 - [2026 ISCD Award Recipients Announced](https://iscd.org/2026/03/31/auto-draft/) - Congratulations to our 2026 ISCD Award Recipients We are pleased to announce our 2026 ISCD Award Recipients and to recognize their contributions to the field of skeletal health assessment. These remarkable individuals were nominated by fellow ISCD members for their leadership, expertise and outstanding service to ISCD and our mission. The announcement of ISCD Awardees - [2026 Virtual Symposia](https://iscd.org/2026/02/06/2026-virtual-symposia/) - In April, we are hosting two virtual symposia with dedicated educational programs for both Clinicians and Technologists. Each symposium is carefully designed by a team of volunteer ISCD leaders to meet your unique professional development needs with timely and relevant education. Each symposium will offer up to 10 continuing education credits. Clinicians Symposium - [Position Development Conference (PDC) Topics Selected](https://iscd.org/2026/02/19/position-development-conference-pdc-topics-selected/) - A Message of Thanks and Looking Ahead: 2027 ISCD Position Development Conference From ISCD President Angela Cheung and 2027 Position Development Conference Chairs Rob Blank and John Schousboe On behalf of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD), we extend our sincere thanks to all members and colleagues who submitted topic suggestions during the recent - [2025 ISCD Regional Panel Activities](https://iscd.org/2025/12/01/2025-iscd-regional-panel-activities/) - ISCD's Regional Panels support the development of regional meetings of the ISCD, including educational courses, aim to grow ISCD membership, and advocate for access to bone densitometry and osteoporosis care in their region. Learn more about the recent activities of some of our ISCD Regional Panels. Canadian Panel The Canadian panel of the ISCD conducted - [Tales of Mentorship](https://iscd.org/2025/12/04/tales-of-mentorship-3/) - Every aspect of our DXAs are intensively evaluated. If a patient has a significant drop in their bone mineral density that does not seem to be correct, rather than writing it off as a patient significantly deteriorating, Dr. Oz will collaborate with our physicists and techs to ensure that the study was performed optimally. There - [ISCD's Strategic Planning](https://iscd.org/2025/06/11/iscds-strategic-planning/) - We are excited to announce that ISCD has officially embarked on a strategic planning process to guide our focus areas and decision making over the coming years. As a society committed to promoting high quality musculoskeletal health assessment in the service of superior patient care, we recognize the importance of continually evolving to meet the needs - [2025 ISCD Regional Panel Activities](https://iscd.org/2025/04/29/2025-iscd-regional-panel-activities123123/) - ISCD's Regional Panels support the development of regional meetings of the ISCD, including educational courses, aim to grow ISCD membership, and advocate for access to bone densitometry and osteoporosis care in their region. Learn more about the recent activities of some of our ISCD Regional Panels. Latin America Panel The ISCD DXA Body Composition Analysis Course - [2024 ISCD Regional Panel Activities](https://iscd.org/2024/12/11/iscd-regional-panel-activities-2/) - ISCD's Regional Panels support the development of regional meetings of the ISCD, including educational courses, aim to grow ISCD membership, and advocate for access to bone densitometry and osteoporosis care in their region. Learn more about the recent activities of some of our ISCD Regional Panels. UK & Ireland Panel News Update Panel Members hold - [2025 ISCD Awards Recipients Announced](https://iscd.org/2025/01/06/18473/) - Congratulations to our 2025 ISCD Award Recipients We are pleased to announce our 2025 ISCD Award Recipients and to recognize their contributions to the field of skeletal health assessment. These remarkable individuals were nominated by fellow ISCD members for their leadership, expertise and outstanding service to ISCD and our mission. The announcement of ISCD Awardees - [Tales of Mentorship](https://iscd.org/2025/02/27/tales-of-mentorship/) - Tales of Mentorship This coming year, we will be highlighting personal stories from our members, celebrating the guidance and support they’ve received from ISCD mentors throughout their journey in the bone health field. ISCD mentors inspire and ensure the next generation grows and thrives in our community. Understanding the importance and impact of these stories, - [Changes to the ISCD CCD Exam Format](https://iscd.org/2024/11/14/changes-coming-to-the-iscd-ccd-exam-format/) - Changes to the ISCD CCD Exam Format The ISCD is introducing a new and more convenient method to take the Certified Clinical Densitometry (CCD) exam. The CCD exam will now be taken online through the ISCD Learning platform. The application fee and submission process are the same, as well as eligibility criteria to sit for - [Submissions Open for Best Cases!](https://iscd.org/2024/11/01/submissions-open-for-best-cases/) - Best Case Submissions The 2025 ISCD Conference on Skeletal Health Assessment welcomes the submission of Best Cases as part of this exciting event! Best Cases will be submitted through the ISCD DXA Atlas, which serves as an archive of interesting DXA cases. Case submissions are open to both members and non-members. Submissions for this meeting - [2025 ISCD Conference on Skeletal Health Assessment](https://iscd.org/2024/08/05/2025-iscd-conference-on-skeletal-health-assessment/) - The ISCD Annual Meeting has a new name: ISCD Conference on Skeletal Health Assessment February 20 – 22, 2025 Hilton Boston Park Plaza Hotel We are excited to share the evolution of our Annual Meeting. As you may be aware, prior to the Covid-19 Pandemic, ISCD held in-person meetings every year. As we navigated the - [ISCD Regional Panel Activities](https://iscd.org/2024/06/25/iscd-regional-panel-activities/) - ISCD's Regional Panels support the development of regional meetings of the ISCD, including educational courses, aim to grow ISCD membership, and advocate for access to bone densitometry and osteoporosis care in their region. Learn more about the recent activities of some of our ISCD Regional Panels. UK & Ireland Panel News Update Panel Members hold - [2024 ISCD Award Recipients Announced](https://iscd.org/2024/03/09/2024-iscd-award-recipients-announced/) - Congratulations to our 2024 ISCD Award Recipients We are pleased to announce our 2024 ISCD Award Recipients and to recognize their contributions to the field of skeletal health assessment. These remarkable individuals were nominated by fellow ISCD members for their leadership, expertise and outstanding service to ISCD and our mission. The announcement of ISCD Awardees - [2025 Annual Meeting Announced](https://iscd.org/2024/02/20/2025-annual-meeting-announced-2/) - 2025 Annual Meeting February 20 – 22, 2025 Hilton Boston Park Plaza Save the Date! We look forward to hosting our 2025 Annual Meeting in Boston, MA February 20 – 22, 2025. This meeting will offer ACCME and ASRT Credits (approximately 16 credit hours anticipated). We will offer live ISCD courses at the Hilton Boston Park - [Warmest Wishes for 2024 from ISCD’s President](https://iscd.org/2024/02/20/wishes-for-2024-from-iscds-president/) - January 2024 Dear ISCD Members, Friends, and Colleagues; As we’ve turned our calendars to 2024, I hope this new year has welcomed you with happiness, health, and has renewed you with inspiration to achieve your goals this year, whatever they may be. As ISCD President, I would like to express my immense appreciation and respect - [Register for our 2024 Symposiums](https://iscd.org/2023/12/19/register-for-our-2024-symposiums/) - Register for one of ISCD’s NEW Virtual Symposia for Technologists and Clinicians ISCD will be presenting two new virtual symposia—one for technologists and one for clinicians—in 2024. These symposia are being designed based on feedback received from our most recent Professional Needs Assessment. To provide dedicated educational content for all our members and certified professionals, - [2025 ISCD Awards Recipients Announced](https://iscd.org/2025/04/29/2025-iscd-awards-recipients-announced/) - Congratulations to our 2025 ISCD Award Recipients We are pleased to announce our 2025 ISCD Award Recipients and to recognize their contributions to the field of skeletal health assessment. These remarkable individuals were nominated by fellow ISCD members for their leadership, expertise and outstanding service to ISCD and our mission. The announcement of ISCD Awardees - [Webinar: Update on Opportunistic CT Application to Bone Health Practice](https://iscd.org/2025/04/29/webinar-update-on-opportunistic-ct-application-to-bone-health-practice-2/) - Join us May 7th for a Webinar: Update on Opportunistic CT Application to Bone Health Practice During the live webinar, Ms. Hare will discuss the value of opportunistic CT in a bone health practice. She will also demonstrate how to use opportunistic CT to screen for low bone density and vertebral fractures. Attendees can expect - [Tales of Mentorship](https://iscd.org/2025/06/12/tales-of-mentorship-2/) - Tales of Mentorship This coming year, we will be highlighting personal stories from our members, celebrating the guidance and support they’ve received from ISCD mentors throughout their journey in the bone health field. ISCD mentors inspire and ensure the next generation grows and thrives in our community. Understanding the importance and impact of these stories, ## Pages - [ISCD Home](https://iscd.org/) - We are dedicated to advancing excellence in the assessment of musculoskeletal health through education, certification and facility accreditation - [New Membership Structure](https://iscd.org/new-membership-structure/) - [Membership Model FAQs](https://iscd.org/membership-model-faqs/) - [2026 Volunteer Opportunities](https://iscd.org/2026-volunteer-opportunities/) - At the ISCD, we currently have over 20 committees led and supported by member volunteers offering their diverse professional expertise, leadership and time from around the world! We thank all who are currently and have previously served in a volunteer capacity to further our mission at ISCD. The quality of our programs, services, and member benefits depends - [Regional Panels](https://iscd.org/regional-panels/) - [2026 Volunteer Interest](https://iscd.org/2026-volunteer-interest/) - [Vertebral Fracture Recognition Course](https://iscd.org/learn/live-courses/vertebral-fracture/) - Advance your skills in vertebral fracture assessment with ISCD’s Vertebral Fracture Recognition Course — focused on VFA imaging, interpretation, and clinical application for healthcare professionals. Available on demand. - [Pediatric Positions](https://iscd.org/learn/official-positions/pediatric-positions/) - [Official Adult Positions](https://iscd.org/official-positions-2023/) - [Staff Directory](https://iscd.org/staff-directory/) - [Historical Awards](https://iscd.org/historical-awards/) - The Instructor of Year Awards were given based on ratings from evaluations completed by course attendees. No nominations were accepted for these awards and these awards are no longer distributed. ISCD Clinician Instructor of the Year Presented to the highest rated clinician Bone Densitometry Course instructor. 2005 Neil Binkley, MD, CCD 2006 Kathryn M. - [Awards](https://iscd.org/awards/) - [Recertification Options](https://iscd.org/recertification-options/) - Recertification Options Certified Densitometry Technologist CDT® is a professional designation previously awarded to individuals, practicing internationally, who meet specified knowledge requirements measured through a standardized testing process in bone densitometry for performing central DXAs. Internationally this is a renewable five-year (5) certification to those who have already earned the designation. The CDT is no longer recognized - [Accreditation](https://iscd.org/accreditation/) - [Contact](https://iscd.org/contact/) - [Official Positions](https://iscd.org/learn/official-positions/) - [President's Message](https://iscd.org/presidents-message/) - [Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course](https://iscd.org/learn/live-courses/pediatrics/) - Enhance your pediatric DXA skills with ISCD’s Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course — learn best practices for acquisition, interpretation, and reporting of bone mineral density in children and adolescents. - [2026 Award Recipients](https://iscd.org/2026-iscd-award-winners/) - [2026 Asia Pacific Regional Panel Nominations](https://iscd.org/2026-asia-pacific-regional-panel-nominations/) - [2026 EMEA Regional Panel Nominations](https://iscd.org/2026-emea-regional-panel-nominations/) - [2026 Latin America Regional Panel Nominations](https://iscd.org/2026-latin-america-regional-panel-nominations/) - [2026 Canadian Regional Panel Nominations](https://iscd.org/2026-canadian-regional-panel-nominations/) - [Tales of Mentorship](https://iscd.org/tales-of-mentorship-2/) - Mentorship Mentorship Mentorship by Dr. Paul Anderson, MD A mentor is a person who conveys wisdom and shares knowledge to one who is less experienced. The term mentor is derived from Greek mythology. Mentor was the son of Alcimus, a friend of Odysseus, who appeared in the epic poem The Odyssey. While Odysseus was fighting - [Public Policy Map](https://iscd.org/public-policy-map/) - The information is believed to be accurate as of the date a state was last checked or updated. Members are encouraged to check the state’s regulations for the most up-to-date information and to ensure compliance. ISCD is not responsible for the accuracy of any information presented on these pages. Please report any errors - [Annual Business Meeting Proxy](https://iscd.org/annual-business-meeting-proxy/) - [About ISCD](https://iscd.org/about-iscd/) - [Accreditation Application](https://iscd.org/accreditation-application/) - Apply for ISCD Facility Accreditation — submit your application, documents and quality criteria to become accredited for excellence in bone densitometry practice. - [Membership](https://iscd.org/membership/) - Join ISCD — access DXA Atlas, Ask an Expert, Journal of Clinical Densitometry, education credits, discounts and professional networking worldwide. - [Certified Clinical Densitometrist (CCD®)](https://iscd.org/certified-clinical-densitometry-ccd/) - Become an ISCD-certified Clinical Densitometrist (CCD®) — a professional credential in bone densitometry interpretation for clinicians. View eligibility, exam format, fees & how to apply. - [Certified Bone Densitometry Technologist (CBDT®)](https://iscd.org/certified-bone-densitometry-technologist-cbdt/) - Earn your Certified Bone Densitometry Technologist (CBDT®) credential from ISCD — accredited, globally recognized certification for DXA technologists. Learn eligibility, exam format, fees & application steps. - [Certify](https://iscd.org/certify/) - Become certified in clinical densitometry and bone densitometry with ISCD — trusted global certification for clinicians and technologists. Learn exam requirements, fees, and application details. - [DXA Body Composition Analysis Course](https://iscd.org/learn/live-courses/body-composition/) - Join ISCD’s DXA Body Composition Analysis Course to master clinical body composition techniques — including fat, lean muscle & bone mass analysis for obesity, sarcopenia, and pediatric skeletal disease. - [ISCD Orthopedic Osteoporosis and Densitometry Course](https://iscd.org/learn/live-courses/orthopedic-osteoporosis-and-densitometry-course/) - Enhance your expertise in orthopedic bone health, osteoporosis assessment, fracture prevention, and DXA interpretation with the ISCD Orthopedic Osteoporosis & Densitometry Course - [Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists](https://iscd.org/learn/live-courses/quality-bone-densitometry-technologists/) - Advance your skills in performing quality DXA bone densitometry scans. This ISCD technologist course covers technical excellence, precision assessment, analysis, and clinical application — offering ASRT Category A continuing education. - [Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians](https://iscd.org/learn/live-courses/quality-bone-densitometry-clinicians/) - This course educates in bone densitometry, osteoporosis & apply standard practices to assure quality performance & interpretation of bone densitometry studies. - [Abstract Submissions 2026](https://iscd.org/abstract-submissions-2026/) - Abstracts and Clinical Case Submissions closed on January 14, 2026. If you wish to submit an interesting case, you can submit to the DXA Atlas even though it will not be considered for the 2026 Symposia Awards. Please submit it here. - [Local Organizing Committee (LOC)](https://iscd.org/local-organizing-committee-loc/) - [2026 Regional Panel Grants Request](https://iscd.org/2026-regional-panel-grants-request/) - [2026 Regional Panel Grant Request](https://iscd.org/2026-regional-panel-grant-request/) - [2026 Abstract Submission Template](https://iscd.org/abstract-submission-template/) - Click the link below to download the template for 2026 abstract submissions. 2026_Symposium_Abstract_Submission_Template_Interactive_revised - [2026 COI Form](https://iscd.org/2026-coi-form/) - [2025 990 Questionnaire](https://iscd.org/2025-990-questionnaire/) - [DXA Atlas Submission](https://iscd.org/dxa-atlas-submission/) - [Answers](https://iscd.org/answers/) - CM Answers - [ISCD Ask an Expert](https://iscd.org/aaerules/) - [Ask the Experts](https://iscd.org/ask-the-experts-old/) - [DXA Atlas](https://iscd.org/dxa-atlas/) - Click Here to submit a case - [Journal of Clinical Densitometry](https://iscd.org/journal-of-clinical-densitometry/) - [](https://iscd.org/22400-2/) - [Resources](https://iscd.org/resources/) - [Leadership Nominations](https://iscd.org/iscd-leadership-nominations/) - [ISCD Award Nominations](https://iscd.org/iscd-award-nominations/) - [Search](https://iscd.org/posts-search/) - [Downtime](https://iscd.org/downtime/) - ISCD is currently launching a new website We will be back online 11/4/2025 If you need to access your transcripts, profile or membership status please click here If you need to access any educational materials please click here - [2027 ISCD Position Development Conference (PDC)](https://iscd.org/pdc-2027/) - [DXA Atlas](https://iscd.org/iscd-dxa-atlas/) - [Incorrect hologic hip analysis](https://iscd.org/incorrect-hologic-hip-analysis/) - [2026 CME Disclosure of Financial Relationships](https://iscd.org/2026-cme-disclosure-of-financial-relationships/) - [2025 Award Recipients](https://iscd.org/2025-iscd-award-winners/) - [DXA Atlas Submission 2 Images](https://iscd.org/dxa-atlas-submission-2-images/) - Click Here to view the How To Submit DXA Atlas Case Guide - [DXA Atlas 1 Image](https://iscd.org/dxa-atlas-1-image/) - Click Here to view the How To Submit DXA Atlas Case Guide - [DXA Atlas Submission 3 Images](https://iscd.org/dxa-atlas-submission-3-images/) - Click Here to view the How To Submit DXA Atlas Case Guide - [Regional Panel Leadership Resources](https://iscd.org/regional-panel-leadership-resources/) - [SME demographics](https://iscd.org/sme-demographics/) - [Join Our Newsletter](https://iscd.org/join-our-newsletter/) - [local organizing committee interest form](https://iscd.org/local-organizing-committee-interest-form/) - [ISCD Certification Council - Conflict of Interest and Confidentiality Statement](https://iscd.org/iscd-certification-council-conflict-of-interest-and-confidentiality-statement/) - [ISCD Election Candidate Information](https://iscd.org/iscd-election-candidate-information/) - [China Regional Panel Nominations](https://iscd.org/china-regional-panel-nominations/) - [2026 ISCD Award Nominations](https://iscd.org/2026-iscd-award-nominations/) - [2025 Conflict of Interest Disclosure](https://iscd.org/2025-conflict-of-interest-disclosure/) - [990 Questionnaire 2024](https://iscd.org/990-questionnaire-2024/) - [2025 CME Disclosure of Financial Relationships](https://iscd.org/2025-cme-disclosure-of-financial-relationships/) - [2025 Regional Panel Grant Appplication](https://iscd.org/2025-regional-panel-grant-appplication/) - [](https://iscd.org/20862-2/) - [Policies](https://iscd.org/policies/) - Privacy Policy Disclaimer Code of EthicsThis ISCD Code of Ethics, approved by the ISCD Board in November 2007, identifies general principles and guidelines for ethical issues regarding relations within the ISCD, with its members, with the scientific community, the general public, and with sponsors. ISCD Refunds and Transfers Policies ISCD Relationships with IndustryThe ISCD recognizes - [Bone Density Calculator](https://iscd.org/bone-density-calculator/) - [Boneloss Calculator](https://iscd.org/boneloss-calculator/) - [Member Bylaws](https://iscd.org/member-bylaws/) - [Frax Positions](https://iscd.org/learn/official-positions/frax-positions/) - 2010 Official Positions on FRAX® Interpretation and Use of FRAX® in Clinical Practice from the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and International Osteoporosis Foundation The International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) and the International Osteo- porosis Foundation (IOF) convened the FRAX® Position Development Conference (PDC) in Bucharest, Romania, on November 14, 2010, fol- lowing a - [Public Policy Resources](https://iscd.org/public-policy-resources/) - [Code of Ethics](https://iscd.org/code-of-ethics/) - [Maintenance of Certification](https://iscd.org/maintenance-of-certification/) - [International Events](https://iscd.org/international-events/) - [Symposia](https://iscd.org/symposia/) - [sso redirect test](https://iscd.org/sso-redirect-test/) - https://iscdstagednn1.pcbscloud.com/Security/SSO-Redirect https://iscdstagednn1.pcbscloud.com/Security/Sign-In?returnurl=https%3A%2F%2Fiscd.org%2Flogin-redirect%2F&_gl=1*6ijmc*_ga*MjMyMDI2MjYxLjE3NTk4NjM1ODk.*_ga_N1T58L7JRR*czE3NTk4NjM1ODkkbzEkZzAkdDE3NTk4NjM1ODkkajYwJGwwJGgw - [Login Redirect](https://iscd.org/login-redirect/) - [Bone Clubs](https://iscd.org/bone-clubs/) - [Support ISCD](https://iscd.org/support/) - [Alliances](https://iscd.org/alliances/) - [Text Official Adult Positions](https://iscd.org/text-based-official-adult-positions/) - Official Positions Indications for Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Testing Women aged 65 and older For post-menopausal women younger than age 65 a bone density test is indicated if they have a risk factor for low bone mass such as: Low body weight Prior fracture High risk medication use Disease or condition associated with bone loss - [Text Pediatric Positions](https://iscd.org/text-pediatric-positions/) - Skeletal Health Assessment In Children from Infancy to Adolescence These are the Official Pediatric Positions of the ISCD as updated in 2019. Fracture Prediction and Definition of Osteoporosis Evaluation of bone health should identify children and adolescents who may benefit from interventions to decrease their elevated risk of a clinically significant fracture. The finding of - [123](https://iscd.org/123-2/) - [CM Experts Dashboard](https://iscd.org/cm-experts-dashboard/) - [Questions](https://iscd.org/answers-ajax-example-page/) - [Live Courses](https://iscd.org/learn/live-courses/) - [ISCD Interest Group](https://iscd.org/iscd-interest-group/) - ISCD Interest Group Rules Thank you for being a member of the ISCD and for participating in our ISCD Interest Groups. The goal of our Interest Groups is to provide a virtual community discussion board where colleagues can share and discuss pertinent topics that relate to their professional specialties. To ensure the best possible experience for all members, we have established some basic guidelines for - [Privacy Policy](https://iscd.org/privacy-policy/) - Introduction The International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) is a professional membership association for people who work in the field of skeletal health assessment. We do not knowingly attempt to solicit or receive information from children. We understand that you are aware of and care about your own personal privacy interests, and we take that - [Learn](https://iscd.org/learn/) - [ISCD Refunds and Transfers Policies](https://iscd.org/iscd-refunds-and-transfers-policies/) - Exam Cancellation and No-Show Policy For CBDT Exams at PSI Test Center You may cancel or reschedule an examination appointment if PSI receives your cancellation notice (* see below) before 4 pm eastern time, two (2) business days before the scheduled examination. It would be considered a No Show if your exam was not canceled - [Disclaimer](https://iscd.org/disclaimer/) - Welcome to the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (“ISCD”) Web site (“Site”). Users of this Site are subject to the following terms and conditions of use (“User Agreement”). Please read this User Agreement carefully before using this Site. By using this Site, you agree to the terms and conditions of this User Agreement. Medical and - [Certification Annual Reports](https://iscd.org/certification-annual-reports/) - [table id=4 /] [table id=5 /] - [About](https://iscd.org/about/) - [Advanced Calculator](https://iscd.org/advanced-calculator/) - [Interior Page Main Template](https://iscd.org/certified-bone-densitometry-technologist-cbdt-2/) - [Auto Draft](https://iscd.org/auto-draft/) - [Shop](https://iscd.org/shop/) - [Cart](https://iscd.org/cart/) - [woocommerce_cart] - [Checkout](https://iscd.org/checkout/) - [woocommerce_checkout] - [test](https://iscd.org/test/) - test - [Track your order](https://iscd.org/track-order/) - [woocommerce_order_tracking] ## UX Blocks - [Footer - Column 4](https://iscd.org/blocks/footer-column-4/) - [Footer - Column 3](https://iscd.org/blocks/footer-column-3/) - EDUCATION OFFICIAL POSITIONS CERTIFICATION ACCREDITATION - [Footer - Column 2](https://iscd.org/blocks/footer-column-2/) - [Footer - About us](https://iscd.org/blocks/footer-about-us/) - [Footer Company Info](https://iscd.org/blocks/footer-company-info/) - ISCD Headquarters 955 South Main St. B202 Middletown, CT 06457 EMAIL iscd@iscd.org PHONE 1 (860) 259-1000 - [Features Overview](https://iscd.org/blocks/features-overview/) - [Demos](https://iscd.org/blocks/demos/) - [Footer - Newsletter Signup](https://iscd.org/blocks/footer-newsletter-signup/) - Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet. (insert contact form here) - [Shop - Category Slider](https://iscd.org/blocks/shop-category-slider/) - [Shop - Header](https://iscd.org/blocks/shop-header/) - [Blog Header](https://iscd.org/blocks/blog-header/) - [Elements Overview](https://iscd.org/blocks/elements-overview/) ## Questions - [for a VFA , with 1 1/2" ht loss , do you do one or is it greater than 1 1/2" ht loss?](https://iscd.org/answers/for-a-vfa-with-1-12-ht-loss-do-you-do-one-or-is-it-greater-than-1-12-ht-loss/) - Horizon A- Hologic - [Do you still scan a Forearm for hyperparathyroidism if the patient has had parathyroidectomy?](https://iscd.org/answers/do-you-still-scan-a-forearm-for-hyperparathyroidism-if-the-patient-has-had-parathyroidectomy/) - Horizon A-Hologic - [Do you still scan the non dominate forearm if they fractured it as a child?](https://iscd.org/answers/do-you-still-scan-the-non-dominate-forearm-if-they-fractured-it-as-a-child/) - Horizon A - hologic - [Is it appropriate to scan hip of amputated leg?](https://iscd.org/answers/is-it-appropriate-to-scan-hip-of-amputated-leg/) - Horizon A -ho;ogic - [Precision Assessment calculator for Total Body scans](https://iscd.org/answers/precision-assessment-calculator-for-total-body-scans/) - Is there a specific calculator I should use to calculate my precision and generate a LSC score when carrying out body composition scans. I'm aware of the calculator for BMD, and wonder if I use the same for body composition? And which specific region from a total body scan is used to calculate my precision? - [enCoreV18 Ge](https://iscd.org/answers/encorev18-ge/) - Is there an advantage to using the water container and tub phantom over the block phantom? - [using radiology assistants to perform DXA](https://iscd.org/answers/using-radiology-assistants-to-perform-dxa/) - We have some new sites that have not done precision testing, at least in part because there are so many technologists rotating through them as to make it prohibitive. We are being pushed to consider using radiology assistants in place of radiology techs. I could imagine that if they were properly trained and supervised, it - [Is it possible to do a conversion of the data from a GE Lunar to Hologic Ci](https://iscd.org/answers/is-it-possible-to-do-a-conversion-of-the-data-from-a-ge-lunar-to-hologic-ci/) - How accurate is the data conversion from a GE Lunar to a new Hologic Ci? - [37 year old with a pituitary tumor what menopausal status would you use](https://iscd.org/answers/37-year-old-with-a-pituitary-tumor-what-menopausal-status-would-you-use/) - hello current patient 37 years old . She has not had a period since 2017 due to a pituitary tumor. Should i consider her pre menopausal or post menopausal? - [Extremely low BMD on forearm.](https://iscd.org/answers/extremely-low-bmd-on-forearm/) - What would be possible causes for extremely low BMD on a properly positioned forearm, for a patient with adequate soft tissue but elderly, using GE Lunar Prodigy. I question if it may be a soft tissue issue. - [what do you do if the prev spine is labeled wrong?](https://iscd.org/answers/what-do-you-do-if-the-prev-spine-is-labeled-wrong/) - Horizon A- hologic - [Follow-up exams at sites without precision testing](https://iscd.org/answers/follow-up-exams-at-sites-without-precision-testing/) - For sites that have yet to do precision testing, should they report absolute change in BMD on follow-up exams? Should there be a statement to the effect that no significance can be attached to the change as this site has not done precision testing? - [Which vertebral body to exclude if >1SD diff btwn adjacent segment](https://iscd.org/answers/which-vertebral-body-to-exclude-if-1sd-diff-btwn-adjacent-segment/) - Hi, this patient has known L2 fracture and L4/5 sclerosis seen on MRI. This BMD reported only BMD at L1 and L4 (the abnormal sclerotic vertebrae), but excluded L3 (the normal looking vertebrae) because it was >1SD diff from L2 and L4 (which is expected as L2 and L4 are abnormal). Would you include L3 - [Can you please confirm if there is an age limit for using DXA?](https://iscd.org/answers/can-you-please-confirm-if-there-is-an-age-limit-for-using-dxa/) - GE Lunar - [What does ISCD suggest on what to count as a repeat image (or image that must be retaken) in DXA?](https://iscd.org/answers/what-does-iscd-suggest-on-what-to-count-as-a-repeat-image-or-image-that-must-be-retaken-in-dxa/) - Our Radiation Safety Officer questioned what in DXA should be counted as a repeat image (or image that must be retaken) in DXA? - [Inadequate bone healing after surgery](https://iscd.org/answers/inadequate-bone-healing-after-surgery/) - I have a 52-year-old female with psoriatic arthritis that has been on methotrexate for 2 years and on Rinvoq for 3 months. She recently had bilateral foot surgery and both feet are having delayed healing. Her bone density came back normal. Blood work has been normal. My question is do I use something like Forteo - [Transitioning from reclast to prolia.](https://iscd.org/answers/transitioning-from-reclast-to-prolia/) - If a patient with osteporosis has received the 2nd dose of reclast two months ago and repeat DXA scan shows severe osteoporosis with a T-score of -3.2, no fracture history and can't take romosozumab or PTH analogue, will you give Prolia now or wait until a year after the last dose of Reclast? - [To which database is your hologic calibrated.](https://iscd.org/answers/to-which-database-is-your-hologic-calibrated/) - Good morning, We had a body composition patient send us this information over the weekend. What is the ISCD position on this? Advice? It looks like we are calibrated to NHanes based on our reports – I’m assuming that this is the necessary calibration for bone density as opposed to the “classic” mentioned in the - [Why is excluding vertebrae on TBS not recommended as per the Adult Positions.](https://iscd.org/answers/why-is-excluding-vertebrae-on-tbs-not-recommended-as-per-the-adult-positions/) - Our machine Manufacturer is HOLOGIC. We obviously excluded vertebrae when there is hardware but if we exclude a vertebrae for other reasons, why can't it be excluded on the TBS report? - [Unbelievable results at one site despite reprocessing](https://iscd.org/answers/unbelievable-results-at-one-site-despite-reprocessing/) - GE Lunar Prodigy Advance 75 y/o female h/o L1 compression fracture, currently treated with Prolia. Hip density has increased 2.3% since her last study in 2023. LSP is showing a 73% decrease. I didn't see anything to technically correct. The technologist reprocessed and got the same result. - [Is there calculation to correct BMD to BMAD, that is accounting for low height?](https://iscd.org/answers/is-there-calculation-to-correct-bmd-to-bmad-that-is-accounting-for-low-height/) - Scanner is Hologic Horizon and patient height is 4 feet 4 inches, weight 76 lbs - [We exclude any vertebrae that have a density(red x) on them is this correct ?](https://iscd.org/answers/we-exclude-any-vertebrae-that-have-a-densityred-x-on-them-is-this-correct/) - We exclude any vertebrae that has a red x (density) on them is this correct? - [Romosozumab use in a patient with a significant decline in BMD after reclast.](https://iscd.org/answers/romosozumab-use-in-a-patient-with-a-significant-decline-in-bmd-after-reclast/) - In a 75 year old female patient with postmenopausal osteoporosis and dementia, who was treated with Prolia in the past, discontinued due to severe hypocalcemia, transitioned to zolidronate and had a significant decline in her BMD( hip and spine), would you use romosozumab? Patient lives alone and will not be able to administer PTH analogue?She - [Should you see a difference in T-score calculation for African American database on GE Lunar](https://iscd.org/answers/should-you-see-a-difference-in-t-score-calculation-for-african-american-database-on-ge-lunar/) - On Hologic there is a significant difference in T-score's using AA database vs Caucasian database (example given in ISCD course). Should you see a similar difference on GE Lunar? Example in class for Hologic was: L1-L4 T-score AA database -2.4 and caucasian database -1.5, FN AA database -1.9 and Caucasian database -1.2. We recently updated - [Hologic Horizon A](https://iscd.org/answers/hologic-horizon-a/) - Our machine does not have ability to subtract implants. Is there any role for doing a whole body dexa for trending purposes understanding that the BMD will not provide an accurate Zscore? Which could potentially be helpful in OI patients with implants in spine, femurs and forearms? What about if just implants in spine? Stick - [How to approach this DXA Scan](https://iscd.org/answers/how-to-approach-this-dxa-scan/) - There is debate within my group on how to interpret the spine when there most negative T-Score is >1SD from the remaining levels. For example (as attached): L1: -2.6 L2: -2.4 L3: -2.8 L4: -4.2 I commonly see the most negative T score kept with the remainder of the spine being excluded given the SD>1. - [Hologic](https://iscd.org/answers/hologic/) - Hi, I was wondering if you could help me. We do not do VFA at our sites. I took one of your seminars about VFA and from what I remembered…it is not recommended for the tech to label the vertebra. Can you let me know if that is correct. And how what should techs do - [Do you still get a FRAX on a patient if only their forearm is osteoporotic?](https://iscd.org/answers/do-you-still-get-a-frax-on-a-patient-if-only-their-forearm-is-osteoporotic/) - hologic - [do you get a Frax on perimenopausal patients?](https://iscd.org/answers/do-you-get-a-frax-on-perimenopausal-patients/) - hologic - [How to analyze a hip on a GE encore prodigy](https://iscd.org/answers/how-to-analyze-a-hip-on-a-ge-encore-prodigy/) - We have all Hologic machines and now we have acquired a GE encore prodigy. Questions with position. Are the femurs supposed to be straight as they are for Hologic? Do you make the neck box small close to the femoral neck? I watched the GE free presentation...but I do not feel that really helped me. - [Hip artifact : relevant or not](https://iscd.org/answers/hip-artifact-relevant-or-not/) - Is this artifact likely to be affecting results. Significant change from prior and that change doesn’t persist on follow up - [Should Z score or T scores be used for perimenopausal females?](https://iscd.org/answers/should-z-score-or-t-scores-be-used-for-perimenopausal-females/) - Our DXA readers are unsure whether or not to use Z or T scores for perimenopausal females. It is difficult to interpret the adult guidelines as it seems you could use either method. Is there a clear guideline on how to report perimenopausal females? - [Bmd T-score adjusted for TBS question](https://iscd.org/answers/bmd-t-score-adjusted-for-tbs-question/) - One of the providers where I work had a patient's tbs report include a T-score adjusted for TBS. The t-score was much higher than the T-score without adjustment. Are there any guidelines for reporting, treating and diagnosis that account for this Tbs adjustment? The tbs software we are running at our facility does not include - [What is the difference between a Whole Body DXA scan and a HP Whole Body DXA scan](https://iscd.org/answers/what-is-the-difference-between-a-whole-body-dxa-scan-and-a-hp-whole-body-dxa-scan/) - Can you explain what the difference is between a Whole Body DXA Scan and a HP Whole Body DXA Scan? I am doing body composition scans on college Athletes. My Hologic Horizon A DXA System has the option of a Whole Body DXA or a HP Whole Body scan. We were using the Whole Body - [GE Lunar iDXA](https://iscd.org/answers/ge-lunar-idxa/) - We are replacing an older unit with a new Lunar iDXA and the manufacturer said that if we transfer the database from the old system to the new system we do not need to do any other testing to be able to use the old data for trending/changes. Is that corect. - [Upper age limit DXA](https://iscd.org/answers/upper-age-limit-dxa/) - Is there an upper age limit for obtaining and applying DXA results? We have a 100 yo female but machine is commenting that there is no reference data for the patient age. GE Lunar Prodigy - [the new updates stating bilateral Hips ..Are they 2 skeletal sites?](https://iscd.org/answers/the-new-updates-stating-bilateral-hips-are-they-2-skeletal-sites/) - Hello I have a GE Lunar version18.5 and also another office with Horizon W Hologic . We are asking for protocols to use the new updates talk about bilateral hips .... Can this be considered 2 skeletal regions or 1 and you still need a Forearm or Spine if one other is unreliable? Thank you - [QC program](https://iscd.org/answers/qc-program/) - What are the standards or guidelines for a good QC program for Bone Density? Does anyone have a template or protocol for this that they are will to share with me? Trying to build a QC program for my organization and needing examples. - [Regarding follow up for monitoring prior to surgery](https://iscd.org/answers/regarding-follow-up-for-monitoring-prior-to-surgery/) - Some patients who are due for spine surgery are found to be osteoporotic on DXA scans and are hence started on treatment. What is the minimum period after which we repeat the DXA scan to monitor and take a decision on Surgery.? Can we monitor BMD after 3 months of treatment to take a call - [early monitoring post treatment in partients due for surgery](https://iscd.org/answers/early-monitoring-post-treatment-in-partients-due-for-surgery/) - Some patients who are due for spine surgery are found to be osteoporotic on DXA scans and are hence started on treatment. What is the minimum period after which we repeat the DXA scan to monitor and take a decision on Surgery.? Can we monitor BMD after 3 months of treatment to take a call - [Do we eliminate normal looking vertebrae too?](https://iscd.org/answers/do-we-eliminate-normal-looking-vertebrae-too/) - As per the official ISCD position, we eliminate anatomically abnormal vertebrae if there is a difference in T score is more than 1.0 between adjacent vertebrae; But what if there is no abnormality seen but the difference is still greater than 1.0? Do we still eliminate? - [exam quality](https://iscd.org/answers/exam-quality/) - How is exam quality handled at your facility? Do you have a "tech call back" policy? If vertebra are excluded that should not be excluded, is this documented or just corrected and resent? If improper placement of ROI for a hip or forearm is submitted, how is this corrected? If the image below was submitted - [what is the iscd recommendation on holding calcium supplements prior to dxa imaging?](https://iscd.org/answers/what-is-the-iscd-recommendation-on-holding-calcium-supplements-prior-to-dxa-imaging/) - [Z-score or T-score?](https://iscd.org/answers/z-score-or-t-score/) - Do you recommend reporting only Z-scores for men under age 50 and premenopausal women? Or do you recommend also adding T-scores in the report? For a specific case, a 30 yo transgender female to male, would you recommend reporting just the Z-score since he is under age 50? We would set demographic setting as male - [How to set up clinic with DXA interpretation](https://iscd.org/answers/how-to-set-up-clinic-with-dxa-interpretation/) - How long does it take on average to write a DXA report? Will it be conducive to interpret the DXA scan and see the patient at the same time in one visit? Or do a group of clinicians usually take shifts to interpret the DXA scans? - [GE forearm board required?](https://iscd.org/answers/ge-forearm-board-required/) - GE Lunar Prodigy. Is the forearm board really required? We have done a few without and we haven't gotten any error messages or notification from the machine that there was a problem/issue? So how important is it to use the board? I thought I heard in a course that it was really required but maybe - [Repeat Scans - LSC](https://iscd.org/answers/repeat-scans-lsc/) - In my facility we routinely scan both hips (having installed a new GE Prodigy Pro). We have calculated the LSC for LS, Femoral Neck and Total Hip (separately left and right). My question is about rescans: should we rescan both hips for monitoring, too ? According to the ISCD, monitoring should be performed by the - [Dxa for transgender patient](https://iscd.org/answers/dxa-for-transgender-patient/) - Do you recommend for us to use gender identity or recorded sex at birth for DXA machine entry? - [patient age 24 with premature menopause do you print both Z and T Scores for the Radiologist ?](https://iscd.org/answers/patient-age-24-with-premature-menopause-do-you-print-both-z-and-t-scores-for-the-radiologist/) - Hello We have an asymptomatic premature menopausal female using testosterone and estrogen to receive a menses. Since the periods are infrequent and peri-menopausal is what the patient stated on questionnaire. Is it acceptable to present both the Z-Score and the T-Score values for the Radiologist to review and report to the Endocrinologist/Rheumatologist ?? thank you - [Clinician is questioning our new LSC](https://iscd.org/answers/clinician-is-questioning-our-new-lsc/) - We have done a precision study on our new HOLOGIC dexa machine. Our clinician is concerned about our LSC compared to our new: OLD LSC: Lumbar Spine: 0.035 g/cm2 Total Hip: 0.023 g/cm2 We have 2 techs that their new precision study showed: Tech 1 Total Spine: 1.146 g/cm2 Tech 1 Total Hip: 0.025 g/cm2 - [What needs to be confirmed when buying a Hologic scanner?](https://iscd.org/answers/what-needs-to-be-confirmed-when-buying-a-hologic-scanner/) - My hospital planned to buy a hologic scanner, but we won't be buying the high-end model due to budget constraints. What should be my consideration and my question to the sales associate during the product presentation? - [Perimenopausal Females Tscores Vs Zscores](https://iscd.org/answers/perimenopausal-females-tscores-vs-zscores/) - In interpreting a perimenopausal female DXA, what's the opinion regarding T scores vs Z scores for the final impression? Thank you! - [other better option for pt who is allergic to Fosamax, actone?](https://iscd.org/answers/other-better-option-for-pt-who-is-allergic-to-fosamax-actone/) - for 61 y/o female who is allergic to Fosamax, actonel with swelling lmouth even with Benadryl, what's other better option? her T score is -2.5 R Femoral Neck, -2.2 at L Femoral Neck, -0.9 at spine. - [Can you please verify if T- scores or Z-scores are used for the peri-menopausal population?](https://iscd.org/answers/can-you-please-verify-if-t-scores-or-z-scores-are-used-for-the-peri-menopausal-population/) - [TBS in patient with spinal bifuda.](https://iscd.org/answers/tbs-in-patient-with-spinal-bifuda/) - I have a male patient with a history of spinal bifuda. His DXA is normal with the exception of a fully degraded TBS score. Can Spina bifuda effect the microarchtecture of trabecular bone? - [Who needs to do precision testing?](https://iscd.org/answers/who-needs-to-do-precision-testing/) - We have 3 techs who do scans on our GE iDEXA machine. In August 2022 we switched from GE Prodigy to the GE iDEXA and at that time 2 of these techs did calibration and precision testing on our new machine. The third tech is new and has finished her 100 scans so needs to - [we changed from hologic to ge unit](https://iscd.org/answers/we-changed-from-hologic-to-ge-unit/) - patient confused with %changes on his chart . asking questions to us. We changed manufacturer due to end of life unit. we switched Hologic QDR 4500 to GE lunar prodigy version 18.5. What is the best way to explain this is a new baseline thank you from Technologist perspective - [Precision testing](https://iscd.org/answers/precision-testing/) - When doing precision testing, is this done on an individual basis or is this done collectively as a department/screening site? To my understanding if a screening site has 3 dexa technologist, all 3 dexa technologist do individual precision testing. - [Transitioning from Z-scores vs. T-scores for male patients.](https://iscd.org/answers/transitioning-from-z-scores-vs-t-scores-for-male-patients/) - If a baseline DEXA on a male patient age 43 was reported with Z-scores and gender-matched (male)stats and he returns at age 52, do we now report on white female stats with T-scores, or keep gender-matched (male)stats and T-scores? - [Hello why would referring provider ask for a Pediatric patient for a VFA](https://iscd.org/answers/hello-why-would-referring-provider-ask-for-a-pediatric-patient-for-a-vfa/) - Hello asking for recent referrals for our Radiologists why would an endocrinologist ask for a VFA on a patient that is a Pediatric ? What are they looking for beside compression fracture or vertebral heights? ... What are the benefits? - [How do I set u database for precision assessment on the HOLOGIC scanner](https://iscd.org/answers/how-do-i-set-u-database-for-precision-assessment-on-the-hologic-scanner/) - What is the most efficient way to collect all my scans for a precision assessment after I have completed all 30 sites on my HOLOGIC scanner? - [Reintroducing previously excluded vertebra](https://iscd.org/answers/reintroducing-previously-excluded-vertebra/) - Occasionally if I have excluded vertebrae (greater than 1.0 difference in T score with visible abnormality such as degenerative sclerosis), however, over time other levels start to develop similar degenerative changes and the previously excluded vertebra is no longer an outlier and is very similar to the other levels. Is it appropriate to reintroduce the - [excluding vertebrae](https://iscd.org/answers/excluding-vertebrae/) - can a spine be valid if only using L1 and L3? or L1 and L4, etc. ? If there are only two vertebrae left but they be contiguous? - [Prolia transition to Evenity](https://iscd.org/answers/prolia-transition-to-evenity/) - T-score -3.9, no fracture, no modifiable risk fractures, all things being equal, any reason to change from Prolia to Evenity ? - [70 yr male with SEVERE aortic stenosis and severs osteoporosis T-score -3.2](https://iscd.org/answers/70-yr-male-with-severe-aortic-stenosis-and-severs-osteoporosis-t-score-3-2/) - Is it safe to continue PROLIA and CALCIUM? What about EVENITY? Is aortic stenosis really a side effect of Prolia No personal history of fracture, he is hyperlipidemic, normal Bp. Mother had TAVAR at 93 yr and died at 100 yr He is active and exercises. Thank you, steven.rosner@mpvmedical group.com stevenmrosner@gmail.com - [How to properly analyze Whole body Pediatric](https://iscd.org/answers/how-to-properly-analyze-whole-body-pediatric/) - Hologic W scanner. Pediatric pt. who is 5"11, 220-lbs. The pt. fits top to bottom fine but too wide to have any air gap between soft tissue between the fingers and the thigh. Would you position the pt. so you have adequate air gap on one side of the body between the fingers and the - [Forearm scanning](https://iscd.org/answers/forearm-scanning-2/) - According to ISCD, you should avoid scanning the forearm if someone had bilateral wrist fractures but wanted to confirm to be sure nothing has changed. I have a patient that had a Rt distal radius fracture and scaphoid fracture on the left wrist. Technically, I should not scan either, correct? - [Can the phantom be used for cross calibration?](https://iscd.org/answers/can-the-phantom-be-used-for-cross-calibration/) - When upgrading from an old Hologic Discovery(2012) to a new Hologic Horizon, is it possible to use the phantom for cross calibration? We have heard of other clinics using the phantom going from an old Lunar to a new Lunar, just using their phantom. What are the downfalls in using the phantom for cross calibration? - [Do you exclude a vertebra for tansverse process fracture?](https://iscd.org/answers/do-you-exclude-a-vertebra-for-tansverse-process-fracture/) - GE idexa - [For FRAX analysis, is vaping considered smoking?](https://iscd.org/answers/for-frax-analysis-is-vaping-considered-smoking/) - GE Idexa - [For transgender patients we have been sending both genders - is anyone else doing this?](https://iscd.org/answers/for-transgender-patients-we-have-been-sending-both-genders-is-anyone-else-doing-this/) - We have a Hologic scanner . We have been scanning once but sending both for the ordering provider . It is my understanding the scanner only keeps one gender. Just curious what other sites are using as their protocol. - [T or Z, probably both?](https://iscd.org/answers/t-or-z-probably-both/) - GE Lunar. Hi. 40s year old female with breast cancer. By serial questionnaires has been in menopausal transition for a few years and last two exams. T-score -0.3, Z-score -2.2 As I read the positions, since in transition below 50, T-scores preferred. I feel like this could/should be interpreted using Z-scores but that is not - [LSC Questions](https://iscd.org/answers/lsc-questions/) - 1) At our facility, we calculate the LSC for the lumbar spine and the hip. When reporting if it is significant or not, do you include the LSC number? For instance, the lumbar spine LSC is 0.039 and patient has a different of -0.039. Would you define that as significant or not? Is the number - [Vertebral exclusion](https://iscd.org/answers/vertebral-exclusion/) - GE lunar. Hi. I wanted to clarify the 1 SD exclusion rule. So, if L3-4 are both more than 1 SD above L2, then exclude both L3 and L4 even if L4 is not 1 SD above L3? And always exclude the vertebral bodies with the higher BMD, yes? Is there a situation that one - [Excluding the lowest vertebral body?](https://iscd.org/answers/excluding-the-lowest-vertebral-body/) - GE Lunar. Hi. A while back Twolman used this as an example for something else but it leads to this question. The following happens to me often, I assume to others as well. It is easy to decide to exclude the highest density vertebral bodies when more than one SD above adjacent as that is - [How long to read a case?](https://iscd.org/answers/how-long-to-read-a-case/) - GE Lunar. Curious from our expert interpreting physicians how long is a reasonable average time to read a case, either in minutes per case or in cases per hour? Understand that cases vary but looking for an average. Thanks. - [How often does the hip have to be repositioned and reimaged?](https://iscd.org/answers/how-often-does-the-hip-have-to-be-repositioned-and-reimaged/) - GE Lunar. Curious with experienced users how often does a hip have to be repositioned and reimaged to get the right amount of lesser trochanter and space to properly fit the femoral neck box? What would be a reasonable expectation for a technologist with a year of experience? Or one who is extremely experienced? Are - [What to do with six lumbar vertebral bodies?](https://iscd.org/answers/what-to-do-with-six-lumbar-vertebral-bodies/) - On GE Lunar. I have seen several cases recently with 6 lumbar vertebral bodies, including transitional L6 lumbosacral bodies with a variety of shapes and configurations. How do you figure out what to call L4? - [Can a CNP read DXA scans?](https://iscd.org/answers/can-a-cnp-read-dxa-scans/) - [FRAX score reporting in the presence of osteoporosis](https://iscd.org/answers/frax-score-reporting-in-the-presence-of-osteoporosis/) - A recently scanned 81 year old patient with hyperparathyroidism had the following T-scores (GE Lunar Prodigy Advance): Lumbar Spine 0.2 Left Total Hip -1.2 Right Total Hip -0.8 Left femoral neck -1.8 Right femoral neck -1.4 Left radius -2.8 Based on the left radius her diagnosis was osteoporosis. Is this correct? Usually, our GE Lunar - [Bone Markers](https://iscd.org/answers/bone-markers/) - How frequently do you check bone markers for those individuals who can no longer have a DXA scan. This is to monitor for treatment. - [I am inquiring about acquiring a forearm in a patient with hyperparathyroidism.](https://iscd.org/answers/i-am-inquiring-about-acquiring-a-forearm-in-a-patient-with-hyperparathyroidism/) - In the past the position was if the patient had primary hyperparathyroidism and did not include secondary. After reviewing the 2023 positions it doesn't specify primary or secondary. My question is if the positions have changed on this? - [Switching from denosumab to bisphosphonate](https://iscd.org/answers/switching-from-denosumab-to-bisphosphonate/) - If a patient has been on denosumab for 12 years and had a good response, would you switch to zolidronic acid or alendronate due to concern for risk of ONJ and atypical femoral fracture? - [Follow up DXA reporting](https://iscd.org/answers/follow-up-dxa-reporting/) - Initial DXA at our center always includes evaluating both hips, L spine and distal radius. For our follow up examinations we only measure a single hip (the one with lower BMD on prior) rather than bilateral hips (and we also evaluate L spine and radius. I am wondering that the protocol is at other centers - [Can dehydration impact the results of a DXA scan (bone density scan)?](https://iscd.org/answers/can-dehydration-impact-the-results-of-a-dxa-scan-bone-density-scan/) - We were recently approached by a fellow clinician who had a patient questioning if their DXA scan results were correct. She believes her T-scores are much lower then they actually are due to her being dehydrated prior to her scan. Have you ran into any evidence that supports this? - [TBS and number of vertebrae](https://iscd.org/answers/tbs-and-number-of-vertebrae/) - Dear Sir, I use a GE/Lunar Prodigy DXA scanner and my question is about TBS: In certain cases we need to exclude one or more vertebrae from our analysis, due to scoliosis or degenerative changes. The instructions about TBS is that we do not exclude any vertebrae (unless there are severe calcifications, artifacts or foreign - [Protocol for excluding lumbar vertebrae](https://iscd.org/answers/protocol-for-excluding-lumbar-vertebrae/) - Anyone willing to share their facilities protocol for lumbar vertebrae exclusion? - [Patient Exceeding Weight Limit of Table](https://iscd.org/answers/patient-exceeding-weight-limit-of-table/) - If a patient exceeds the weight limit of our table should we just scan their non-dominant forearm? - [Can signicant change be reported if only observed in the neck bmd and not at total hipBMD and](https://iscd.org/answers/can-signicant-change-be-reported-if-only-observed-in-the-neck-bmd-and-not-at-total-hipbmd-and/) - machine GE health care ,encore w8 Iscd position inreporting significant BMD change is to use total hip only - [Does the ud box have to correctly placed](https://iscd.org/answers/does-the-ud-box-have-to-correctly-placed/) - Hello does the ud box placement matter for the forearm roi on the lunar ge . We noticed it doesn’t change the 33% results - [Reporting diagnosis in osteoporotic patient with all T-scores above -2.5](https://iscd.org/answers/reporting-diagnosis-in-osteoporotic-patient-with-all-t-scores-above-2-5/) - If a patient has previously been diagnosed with osteoporosis via DXA, treatment is instituted and follow-up DXA now shows all T-scores to be above -2.5, how do you word the follow-up report (specifically, what diagnosis do you use)? Similarly, if DXA shows all analyzed sites have T-score higher than -2.5, but there is evidence or - [What to do if there is a decline in BMD in a patient on denosumab?](https://iscd.org/answers/what-to-do-if-there-is-a-decline-in-bmd-in-a-patient-on-denosumab/) - If there is a significant decline in BMD in a patient who has been treated with denosumab for 5 years, would you add PTH analogue or switch to zolidronate and then transition to PTH analogue? This is after reviewing the DXA images and making sure that there are no errors. Workup for secondary causes is - [Clarification on Pediatric Age (end)](https://iscd.org/answers/clarification-on-pediatric-age-end/) - Can you please clarify when the Pediatric age ends? Is it on their 19th birthday or their 20th birthday? At one point (over 10 years ago) it was up to the age 20. Several years ago I was told by the ISCD that’s it’s up to the age of 19 (ends at their 19th birthday). - [vertebral levels ancillary page](https://iscd.org/answers/vertebral-levels-ancillary-page/) - Hello on the Ge Lunar does the vertebral levels on the ancillary page need to be contiguous for the reference for the Radiologist ? Thank you - [Does anyone add the Bone Resilience Index Information to their DXA/TBS reports?](https://iscd.org/answers/does-anyone-add-the-bone-resilience-index-information-to-their-dxatbs-reports/) - GE Lunar Prodigy Advance. TBS version 3.1.0 - [Do you have an updated questionnaire sheet? The only one I see is from 2004](https://iscd.org/answers/do-you-have-an-updated-questionnaire-sheet-the-only-one-i-see-is-from-2004/) - Hologic A - [Do you have an updated list of medications for bone densities?](https://iscd.org/answers/do-you-have-an-updated-list-of-medications-for-bone-densities/) - hologic A - [Hologic W and A](https://iscd.org/answers/hologic-w-and-a/) - Are we able to get adult DXA for fat percentage? Possible on Whole body exams??? - [Correlation between WB T-score and L-spine/Hip T-score](https://iscd.org/answers/correlation-between-wb-t-score-and-l-spinehip-t-score/) - Is there a correlation between the WB total T-score compared to the T-score of the L-spine and hip for Hologic scans? Due to 80% cortical bone being included on the WB scans and the difference in scan acquisition, I would expect the total T-score of the WB to be higher, but is there any data - [Precision Study- AP Spine-Excluded levels](https://iscd.org/answers/precision-study-ap-spine-excluded-levels/) - Please explain how to do a precision study of the AP Spine when there are vertebral levels excluded. I have scanned 30 patients twice. Some of those patients will not have any excluded, some with have L2 excluded, some will have L3 and L4 excluded, and there are others that have different combinations of levels - [Why and how is the total body T-score calculated in a body composition scan?](https://iscd.org/answers/why-and-how-is-the-total-body-t-score-calculated-in-a-body-composition-scan/) - We have both a GE iDXA and a Hologic Horizon A - [T-score database under 2023 Official Positions](https://iscd.org/answers/t-score-database-under-2023-official-positions/) - The 2023 Official Postitions state that we: Use a uniform White (non-race/ETHNICITY ADJUSTED) female normative database for women of all ethnic groups.* And the same for men. Our Hologic machine is currently set to use a white uniform female database (non-race/non ethnicity adjusted). I understand that changing the patient's ethnicity on the patient information page - [Which vertebral bodies to include?](https://iscd.org/answers/which-vertebral-bodies-to-include/) - Hi. Using a GE Lunar Prodigy. I often struggle with which vertebral bodies to include using the 1 SD rule. For the below, is most appropriate L1-2 or L1,2,4? Level T-score L1 -0.8 L2 -1.2 L3 0.0 L4 0.3 Thanks - [Reference database for forearms](https://iscd.org/answers/reference-database-for-forearms/) - GE Lunar and Hologic. What reference database for forearms? White female like the other sites? I think I've seen some male forearms using male reference database. Thanks! - [Precision Study](https://iscd.org/answers/precision-study/) - GE Lunar iDXA encore v18 I have completed all the scans I need for my precision study and I would love some help with calculating the data. I have played with the Precision Wizard so I am familiar with it but I don't understand which sites/regions I should select for the AP Spine. (I have - [Where can I find a table indicating T-score and years to next followup exam?](https://iscd.org/answers/where-can-i-find-a-table-indicating-t-score-and-years-to-next-followup-exam/) - [DEXA interpretation](https://iscd.org/answers/dexa-interpretation/) - GE health care machine. My question is is this change significant ?? - [LSC on DXA units](https://iscd.org/answers/lsc-on-dxa-units/) - Hi LSC we cannot calculate due to rotating staff not desginated to one site . Do we follow vendor recommendations? OR are the other combinations to utlitize? - [what should be used, baseline or most recent in comparing?](https://iscd.org/answers/what-should-be-used-baseline-or-most-recent-in-comparing/) - We use HOLOGIC. What is the recommendation when comparing studies? Should we be using the baseline for the side by side comparison or the most recent study? We've been using the baseline but I was just asked why because in other facilities they use the most recent? - [How hard to edit the hip bone edge?](https://iscd.org/answers/how-hard-to-edit-the-hip-bone-edge/) - GE Lunar. I feel like for every scan of the hip I can manually improve the bone edge detection along the inferior neck and near the junction between neck and ischium, that it is rarely just right. Often the automation will include a little triangle of air. But I haven't been editing it a lot, - [Can I change the global ROI for spine?](https://iscd.org/answers/can-i-change-the-global-roi-for-spine/) - A research participant came in on 12/10/24 for a baseline spine and hip. She was sent back for repeat baseline scans of the spine and hip by the study team. Both visits were scanned by the same DXA Technologist. Acquisition and analysis were consistent from scan to scan. There's a significant bone loss of 38% - [Confirming correct T-score data base ( GE vs Hologic)](https://iscd.org/answers/confirming-correct-t-score-data-base-ge-vs-hologic/) - I am used to Hologic DXA images which readily confirm when viewing a study T-score vs white female reference population. The GE scans I have been asked to review say matched for age, ethnicity ( image provided ). Does that mean a white female reference population is not being used appropriately? - [Should all vertebrae be included in the precision studies regardless of difference in BMD or metal?](https://iscd.org/answers/should-all-vertebrae-be-included-in-the-precision-studies-regardless-of-difference-in-bmd-or-metal/) - Should all vertebrae (L1-L4) be included in the precision studies regardless of difference in BMD? Should spines with metal be avoided as well? - [How to analyze femur with extremely short neck?](https://iscd.org/answers/how-to-analyze-femur-with-extremely-short-neck/) - I use GE Lunar iDXA software version 18 Today I scanned a patient with extremely short femur necks. The only adjustment I made was to neutralize the greater trochanter and then search ROI of the left femur. The software neutralized parts of both femoral heads and pelvis. Is it ok to eliminate all of that? - [Trending Reports: What should I do with multiple exams from precision study?](https://iscd.org/answers/trending-reports-what-should-i-do-with-multiple-exams-from-precision-study/) - Patient participates in precision study and has mult scans done in one day. Do I include all of those studies for comparison the next time they are scanned or should I delete it? - [Body Composition Artifact](https://iscd.org/answers/body-composition-artifact/) - I am attaching two images from Body Comp scans performed on the same patient. Both were done on GE Lunar iDXA minutes apart. Both have artifact at the base of the lungs. I assume that the first and most prominent is from deep breathing. I repeated the scan reminding the patient to take shallow breaths. - [Upper vs lower neck](https://iscd.org/answers/upper-vs-lower-neck/) - Hi. Using GE Lunar. In our reports for femur I see line items for neck, upper neck, and lower neck. I don't remember anything in the lectures or materials about upper and lower neck so am unfamiliar with that. Can someone please teach me why these measurements are there and how they are to be - [hip positioning](https://iscd.org/answers/hip-positioning/) - Hi. Using GE Lunar. Please see image attached from recent training. Doesn't this positioning virtually guarantee that the proximal femur will be abducted rather than perfectly straight? To be transparent, I wonder if that is actually better anyhow since the neck box is further away from the ischium and that could be a good thing. - [Forearm Study](https://iscd.org/answers/forearm-study/) - We have a patient with bilateral metal plates at the distal radius. Can we still do a forearm since we are using the 33% Radius? - [Is a portable DXA considered good enough to a standard fixed DXA machine](https://iscd.org/answers/is-a-portable-dxa-considered-good-enough-to-a-standard-fixed-dxa-machine/) - I work in Kaiser Permanente. Due to space issues in the hospital, we are thinking of doing a portable DXA on patients admitted with fractures. The question is: is portable DXA considered equable in the T scores and readings to a standard fixed machine. is portable DXA also considered standard of care when a patient - [RT Lat VFA](https://iscd.org/answers/rt-lat-vfa/) - RT Lat VFA due to patient refused to lay on their left side for LT Lat VFA. I was able to scan just fine but my reading MD is unable to analyze it. Is there a way they can and if so how? - [Bone density in Hutchinson-Gilford disease (progeria)](https://iscd.org/answers/bone-density-in-hutchinson-gilford-disease-progeria/) - Do you calculate the average expected age for the child's height and use that age for the Z-score or is there a better way? At what age (or height?) do you stop using TBMH? - [NHANES database on Hologic system](https://iscd.org/answers/nhanes-database-on-hologic-system/) - When using the NHANES white female database on a Hologic DXA scanner (Discovery A, Hologic Inc.), the means (SDs) for L1-L4, femoral neck, and total hip are 1.047 (0.110), 0.849 (0.111), and 0.942 (0.122) g/cm2, respectively. However, according to the NHANES data (Looker A, Borrud L, Hughes J. Lumbar spine and proximal femur bone mineral - [Gender dysphoria -](https://iscd.org/answers/gender-dysphoria/) - When you have a female who is taking hormones to transition to male. Or if they are a female and identify as male and not on hormones. We have had referrals asking to do the DXA as both male and female. What is the ISCD standard? - [PTH analogue in CKD III](https://iscd.org/answers/pth-analogue-in-ckd-iii/) - I have a 76 year old patient with osteopenia with a risk of hip fracture of 2.9% and MOF of 16% who was referred for initiation of anabolic therapy or Prolia prior to his lumbar fusion surgery. He had fracture of his right tibia 5 years ago after a ground-level fall. No other fractures. His - [How artifacts effect BMD outside the ROI?](https://iscd.org/answers/how-artifacts-effect-bmd-outside-the-roi/) - Is there evidence that artifacts outside of the ROI effects the BMD? From what I can find, most information says that as long as it is not over bone or within the ROI it is technically correct. I have had a few abnormally elevated/decrease BMI in the last week that makes me think otherwise. Today - [Comparing to outside facilities](https://iscd.org/answers/comparing-to-outside-facilities/) - If we cannot compare from table to table, unless cross calibrated, why does Hologic allow you to enter in T-Scores for the Spine and Hip from Lunar, Norland and Hologic? What exactly is the information that it is supplying? - [Analyzing Spine on Hologic with Artifact in the Soft tissue.](https://iscd.org/answers/analyzing-spine-on-hologic-with-artifact-in-the-soft-tissue/) - When there is artifact in the soft tissue (i.e., surgical clips, stents, catheters) outside vertebral body on the Hologic unit, are we to exclude the entire vertebral body? - [Exporting DXA data](https://iscd.org/answers/exporting-dxa-data/) - Is there a way to export data (T - scores) from large number of DXA scans to a spreadsheet for research purposes without manually doing so? If yes, how do you do it? - [When to transition from pediatric site, TBLH & spine to adult sites, hip and spine](https://iscd.org/answers/when-to-transition-from-pediatric-site-tblh-spine-to-adult-sites-hip-and-spine/) - Is this transition based on age or skeletal maturity (e.g. when all growth plates are closed). My machine: HOLOGIC - [How to report pediatric DXA when there is discrepancy between LS and TBLH Z-scores?](https://iscd.org/answers/how-to-report-pediatric-dxa-when-there-is-discrepancy-between-ls-and-tblh-z-scores/) - If the the Z-score for LS (or TBLH) is low but the other site is normal, how do you report it in a pediatric DXA? Do you report each site separately? - [How do you report DXA reports for transgender youth?](https://iscd.org/answers/how-do-you-report-dxa-reports-for-transgender-youth/) - Do you include both male and female references, regardless of what pharmacotherapy they are receiving? If they are not on any medications (puberty blockers or hormone replacement therapy), do you report based on sex assigned at birth only? If the patient is only on puberty blockers with no hormone replacement therapy, do you report based - [At what age is the hip region (total hip and femoral neck) reliable in a pediatric patient?](https://iscd.org/answers/at-what-age-is-the-hip-region-total-hip-and-femoral-neck-reliable-in-a-pediatric-patient/) - Is it fair to say 13 years and above for both males and females per "Bone Densitometry in Children and Adolescents" from 2017? - [Lumbar vertebral level labeling](https://iscd.org/answers/lumbar-vertebral-level-labeling/) - What do you recommend if we discover on current DXA that the prior scan lumbar vertebrae were labeled incorrectly? Is it reasonable to start a new report using current L1-4 and addend prior year report, or would it be better to match current scan to prior year levels and trend accordingly? - [opinion about the hip positioning](https://iscd.org/answers/opinion-about-the-hip-positioning/) - Interpreting radiologist was unwilling to have the scan repeated with correct positioning and disagreed that anything was inappropriate about the current positioning of proximal femur and neck box. - [DXA post-hysterectomy interpretation](https://iscd.org/answers/dxa-post-hysterectomy-interpretation/) - Dear Sir, I have taken the privilege to write to the Scientific Support team (Ask an Expert), in order to ask whether there are any published official positions about reporting DXA in young women, who have had a hysterectomy, without oophorectomy (when due to the young age the ovaries are not removed). For example, a - [FRAX report](https://iscd.org/answers/frax-report/) - Do you recommend including FRAX score in all reports or only in selected cases when diagnosis of osteopenia is present - [DXA reporting of hip](https://iscd.org/answers/dxa-reporting-of-hip/) - When reporting is it acceptable to include only one hip (left total hip and femoral neck) instead of reporting both left and right total hip and femoral neck? Any subsequent repeat tests would trend with the same side for future trending comparison? Are most reporting one hip or including both hips? - [Clinical versus spontaneous vertebral body fragility compression fracture](https://iscd.org/answers/clinical-versus-spontaneous-vertebral-body-fragility-compression-fracture/) - For FRAX a spontaneous VB fragility compression fracture detected incidentally on diagnostic imaging is considered a solitary previous fragility fracture, whereas a "clinical" VB fragility fracture overrides the FRAX risk calculation and is considered automatically high risk, similar to a previous fragility hip fracture. Why are spontaneous VB #'s not considered high risk? - [FRAX limitations](https://iscd.org/answers/frax-limitations/) - GE lunar. In a patient with a low fracture risk established by FRAX, if the lumbar spine T score is -2.5 or lower how do you report fracture risk? Do you stick with the FRAX calculation or do you override FRAX and state a higher fracture risk. Previously in Canada, before FRAX was available on - [Pediatric DXA in transgender patient](https://iscd.org/answers/pediatric-dxa-in-transgender-patient/) - Hologic Horizon Wi - [Is there any disadvantage in eliminating ethnicity from Frax based calculations](https://iscd.org/answers/is-there-any-disadvantage-in-eliminating-ethnicity-from-frax-based-calculations/) - ie. Is it acceptable to default to US caucasian for all Frax calculations - [Erratic lumbar spine measurements](https://iscd.org/answers/erratic-lumbar-spine-measurements/) - We had a DXA done at GE Lunar iDXA. 86 yo caucasian female had a follow-up exam in April 2024 with prior from March 2021. The lumbar spine measurements were unusually low and looked erratic. The patient returned in June 2024 and measurements were concordant to older exams. I am attaching the lumbar spine scan - [Excluded vertebra with Z score](https://iscd.org/answers/excluded-vertebra-with-z-score/) - When I inform children, premenopausical women and minors of 50 years with Z score I need to excluded adyacent vertebra if it have more of 1 DS of diferencd - [BMD emits electromagnetic field?](https://iscd.org/answers/bmd-emits-electromagnetic-field/) - My radiology department is starting to screen patients for implantable medical devices e.g. pacemakers, continuous glucose monitors, cardiac defibrillators that operate on batteries or power supply prior to BMD, and will not perform BMD on these patients as they say BMD units emit electromagnetic field. I've never heard of this as a contraindication to BMD - [Determining ethnicity for FRAX and Z-scores](https://iscd.org/answers/determining-ethnicity-for-frax-and-z-scores/) - We perform DXAs in the USA on a GE Lunar. When determining the population for FRAX calculation should only the USA population options (Black, Asian, Hispanic, Caucasian) be used or should the country in which the patient is from be chosen? We’ve recently had patients from Tunisia, Mexico and Syria. For each of these patients - [Strontium cases](https://iscd.org/answers/strontium-cases/) - We have seen falsely elevated rate of changes on follow up DXA exams with patients taking Strontium. What are your thoughts on screening patients taking Strontium to report that this is technically a false positive result? - [Is any one routinely reporting FRAX with t-scores in the osteoporotic range ( ie osteoporosis)](https://iscd.org/answers/is-any-one-routinely-reporting-frax-with-t-scores-in-the-osteoporotic-range-ie-osteoporosis/) - hologic - [Patient attire preparation](https://iscd.org/answers/patient-attire-preparation/) - I have seen significant changes in a patient's bone density if they are wearing underwear that are tight (both in overweight and average weight patients). Can you explain why tight undergarments can affect BMD? Also, what are your thoughts on patients removing ALL clothing and changing into a gown? - [Bone density evaluation on developmentally delayed adult](https://iscd.org/answers/bone-density-evaluation-on-developmentally-delayed-adult/) - 22 year old developmentally delayed patient with precocious puberty and previous treatment with Lupron needing baseline and follow up bone density evaluation. Limited communication ability and does not follow directions. Family does not believe pt can cooperate with DXA. Any suggestions? - [what to do re frax when only forearm has osteoporosis](https://iscd.org/answers/what-to-do-re-frax-when-only-forearm-has-osteoporosis/) - it seems my techs are adding forearms to studies where it is not specifically indicated. i am trying to curb this situation, but so far, change is slow. when a patient has osteopenia of the spine and/or hip and the forearm (not necessarily indicated by iscd guidelines) has osteoporosis, how should one handle that? do - [forearm on DXA - should i be reporting the 1/3 radius or the distal radius?](https://iscd.org/answers/forearm-on-dxa-should-i-be-reporting-the-13-radius-or-the-distal-radius/) - recent "ask the expert" questions have referred to the distal radius with dxa exams. i have (per guidelines of the iscd) been reporting the 1/3 radius; i thought that it is a good predictor of fracture risk and provided valuable information as it is made up predominantly of cortical bone. has the thinking changed? should - [Sickle-cell question](https://iscd.org/answers/sickle-cell-question/) - I am curious to know how DXAs are interpreted in the context of patients with Sickle-cell who have H-shaped vertebrae (from vaso-occlusive crises rather than from compression fractures). In these situations, we find the spine score is often much lower than hip/forearm. Should we be ignoring the spine score vs adjusting it in some way, - [meeting medicare metric for pharamacologic intervention reporting](https://iscd.org/answers/meeting-medicare-metric-for-pharamacologic-intervention-reporting/) - we are trying to satisfy a medicare metric for pharmacologic intervention recommendations,,,can anyone provide a template statement other than the usual frax reporting - [Patients with amputed leg and prothesic devices](https://iscd.org/answers/patients-with-amputed-leg-and-prothesic-devices/) - If a patient with an amputation of the right leg, at the level of proximal femur, has a Z score -3 in the amputed leg, but normal in the other femur and the lumbar spine, should I initiate osteoactive treatment? (more than calcium and vitamin D)? the Patient is 25 years old afemale nd uses - [1. LSC across multiple machines and multiple techs 2. On demand precision learning module](https://iscd.org/answers/1-lsc-across-multiple-machines-and-multiple-techs-2-on-demand-precision-learning-module/) - 1. Our facility is establishing LSC with multiple techs, on multiple Hologic machines, in multiple facilities. We then will cross calibrate. My understanding is that we cannot cross calibrate until we have established a LSC? We have 4 techs and 6 scanners, some techs rotate between a few different scanners. Should the LSC change from - [Do you use the BMD T-score adjusted for TBS?](https://iscd.org/answers/do-you-use-the-bmd-t-score-adjusted-for-tbs/) - If a patient's T-score places them in the normal BMD category but the BMD T-score adjusted for TBS places them in the low bone density/osteopenia category do you report that the patient has normal bone mineral density or has osteopenia? Similarly, when a patient's BMD T-score places them in the low bone density/osteopenia category but - [utility of forearm BMD](https://iscd.org/answers/utility-of-forearm-bmd/) - When hip measurements are not available (example bilateral THR's for arthritis) the current guidelines recommend using distal radial measurements from the nondominant forearm. I have a patient with hyperparathyroidism who has had bilateral hip replacements and has a distal radial T score of -2.7 with a normal lumbar spine T score. There are no other - [IDXA v18..](https://iscd.org/answers/idxa-v18/) - Greetings, We have encountered an issue with a new technologist who came in after a field engineers service. The technologist did not verify the database they were in and scanned a considerable amount of patients under the phantom database. I was able to go through the list and get the patients with previous DXA imaging - [body composition testing prep](https://iscd.org/answers/body-composition-testing-prep/) - What is the proper prep for a patient having a body composition test? any fasting needed? thanks! - [mean total lsc](https://iscd.org/answers/mean-total-lsc/) - per ISCD positions, it is recommended to report total or femoral neck on baseline studies, (whichever is lowest). However on serial scans it is recommended when scanning bilateral hips to use mean total for comparison. Should we be calculating a LSC for mean total hips? - [forearm scanning](https://iscd.org/answers/forearm-scanning/) - when following ISCD guidelines and adding a forearm study, if the patient has fractured their non-dominant arm is it recommended scanning dominant forearm? - [any knowledge about REMS?](https://iscd.org/answers/any-knowledge-about-rems/) - A referring doctor and a patient have recently asked me about REMS instead of DXA to assess bone density. A site offering REMS opened up near my office. It seems unproven to me. Do you use it or. know anybody who does, and if so, what are your thoughts? Thanks- - [Analyzing Hip on a Hologic](https://iscd.org/answers/analyzing-hip-on-a-hologic/) - Please tell me what is wrong with this hip scan!! I excluded the ischium from the bone mapping due to the neck box protruding into it. Without foreshortening the neck box and it still being in the ischium, which was not correct as I believe, please explain what I need to do differently on this - [Total T-score is greater than individual vertebrae used.](https://iscd.org/answers/total-t-score-is-greater-than-individual-vertebrae-used/) - hologic---why is the total t-score greater than the vertebrae used on this lumbar spine scan.? I would think the total average would be between -2.4 and -2.7. - [Ethnicity specific T-scores with comparison to Black population database supplied by manufacturer](https://iscd.org/answers/ethnicity-specific-t-scores-with-comparison-to-black-population-database-supplied-by-manufacturer/) - Horizon Bone Density System from Hologic. We serve a large Black population, and last year, we installed a brand-new DXA unit. The manufacturer provided a Black population database to use in calculating T-scores. Referrers have noticed some significant changes in the patients' results compared to before the change to the new machine. Are clinics generally - [At ISCD courses in the past, we were told not to provide interval change at femoral neck?](https://iscd.org/answers/at-iscd-courses-in-the-past-we-were-told-not-to-provide-interval-change-at-femoral-neck/) - Our radiology department has implemented Bone Station and unilaterally implemented many changes including reporting of femoral neck. Has there been a change in practice that interval change is reported at femoral neck? - [What is the average time of a DXA appointment scheduled for?](https://iscd.org/answers/what-is-the-average-time-of-a-dxa-appointment-scheduled-for/) - [Bone density from Total body composition](https://iscd.org/answers/bone-density-from-total-body-composition/) - We are using the GE iDXA machine, obtained in 2021--when we are generating body composition scans there is also bone density values which populate--my question is that is there a way to get the conventional BMD (femoral neck, total hip, lumbar spine) from a standard body comp scan or would we need to redo the - [Forteo for hip osteoporosis?](https://iscd.org/answers/forteo-for-hip-osteoporosis/) - Expert recommends to use anabolic agent for Osteoporosis as first line treatment. .For p t with mild osteoporosis or osteopenia of lumbar spine, severe hip osteoporosis T score -2.9 or lower, can we start with Forteo although Forteo does not prevent or reduce hip fracture from Forteo clinical trial data? I can't use Tymlos due - [Which vertebra should I exclude?](https://iscd.org/answers/which-vertebra-should-i-exclude/) - A recent DXA of the lumbar spine (GE) provides the following vertebral T scores: L1: -2.5 L2: -3.1 L3: -2.0 L4: -2.9 Starting at the top working down the spine, L3 is more than 1 SD from L2 so should be excluded. Starting at the bottom working up, L2 is more than 1 SD from - [Does anybody else use this chart for pediatric lumbar spine mineral density?](https://iscd.org/answers/does-anybody-else-use-this-chart-for-pediatric-lumbar-spine-mineral-density/) - Is it appropriate to use with Hologic Horizon A? Does anybody know where this came from/citation? - [BMD comparisons from one Hologic to another](https://iscd.org/answers/bmd-comparisons-from-one-hologic-to-another/) - I have a DXA scan from 2021 Hologic machine on a patient with a BMD of 0.843 Her comparative one from a 2023 Hologic machine (different facility) shows a BMD of 0.850 From a basic comparison, it looks like there was a mild improvement in BMD However, the T score from 2021 is -1.9; the - [Acceptable LSC Range for ISCD accreditation](https://iscd.org/answers/acceptable-lsc-range-for-iscd-accreditation/) - We have performed our precision study and our LSC for the spine is 0.055. My radiologist states this is terrible and would not pass for ISCD accreditation. What is the acceptable range for Spine total, Hip Neck, Hip Total and Forearm 1/3 Radius? - [What prep do you include for your patient?](https://iscd.org/answers/what-prep-do-you-include-for-your-patient/) - Is no calcium supplements, multi vit, TUMS, calcium - fortified drinks or foods accurate. I need to know what is recommended and for how long should they stay away from calcium etc. I have found documentation that it should be day of and also 24 hours. I have also seen where it states calcium supplements - [Large abdomen outside scan field](https://iscd.org/answers/large-abdomen-outside-scan-field/) - Hello, Thank you for taking the time to answer this question. I have run into a problem that I haven't encountered in my 3 years as a DXA tech and wanted to see what the standard is for patients with large waists/abdomens who don't fit inside the scan field. Normally, I have been successful in - [How to cpmpare previous scans with new ones](https://iscd.org/answers/how-to-cpmpare-previous-scans-with-new-ones/) - I have a new DXA tech after 20 years. How do I compare previous exams done on this machine with new ones she does on the same patient until we get her precisions (LSC) calculated? - [LSC for Pediatrics](https://iscd.org/answers/lsc-for-pediatrics/) - Should we and are people doing LSC calculations for their DXA machine on pediatric patients? - [Perimenopausal women, how to obtain T-score on a Hologic.](https://iscd.org/answers/perimenopausal-women-how-to-obtain-t-score-on-a-hologic/) - I have a 48 y.o. female who is perimenopausal. I want to calculate a T-score as she is post-menopausal. On the Hologic unit, do I simply change her age to 50 or do I go to utilities, system config. and change the age to resemble her current age? - [What age do you start a baseline scan](https://iscd.org/answers/what-age-do-you-start-a-baseline-scan/) - Is there a recommended age to start a baseline scan on a patient or is it only based on ailment/treatment/fracture history? - [How do you treat atypical femoral fracture due to denosumab?](https://iscd.org/answers/how-do-you-treat-atypical-femoral-fracture-due-to-denosumab/) - 88 year old female with osteoporosis , treated with denosumab for 3 years , presented with thigh pain and was found to have atypical femoral fracture. I know that we have to stop the denosumab. Would you use PTH analogue or romosozumab? - [Does this patient need treatment?](https://iscd.org/answers/does-this-patient-need-treatment/) - 65 year old White male patient with MGUS and history of osteoporosis( DXA in 2021 done by his provider, GE machine, T-score of -2.3 at the femoral neck and -1.1 at the total hip, x-ray images not available). Had a low impact hip fracture 22 years ago( at age 43). Never treated for osteoporosis. No - [Criteria for QC plots and Radiographic Uniformity Test](https://iscd.org/answers/criteria-for-qc-plots-and-radiographic-uniformity-test/) - Manufacturer: Hologic Horizon. Hi Sir/Madam, Greetings! Appreciate to seek advice on if is there criteria in ISCD regarding QC plots and radiographic uniformity test, which technologist will need to activate engineer for troubleshooting please? (eg: Radiographic Uniformity test >=2.0 SD / BMD %CV should be - [Should forearm scans have LSC calculations. If so, how many scans are needed to get the LCS %](https://iscd.org/answers/should-forearm-scans-have-lsc-calculations-if-so-how-many-scans-are-needed-to-get-the-lcs/) - GE iDXA software 18.4 - [Patients on Tymlos or Evenity](https://iscd.org/answers/patients-on-tymlos-or-evenity/) - Do either of these two drugs count as treatment in the NOF/ISCD Filter section for FRAX? - [sheffield website maximum weight limit of 275lbs. FRAX will not calculate??](https://iscd.org/answers/sheffield-website-maximum-weight-limit-of-275lbs-frax-will-not-calculate/) - Please advise if Radiologist should interpret a reason why FRAX is unavailable ..... 2. Use maximum weight limit and add that the risk factor will be likely lower than reported.? Thank you - [osteopenia found on CT lumbar spine in PREmenopausal woman vs Z-scores](https://iscd.org/answers/osteopenia-found-on-ct-lumbar-spine-in-premenopausal-woman-vs-z-scores/) - if a Xray, MRI, or CT scan shows osteopenia on a PRE-menopausal women can that be sufficient enough to make the diagnosis alone? We have a 44yo premenopausal woman whose CT lumbar spine showed osteopenia and have scheduled her for a DXA scan. If her Z-scores are within normal range, should she be considered normal - [Treatment considerations](https://iscd.org/answers/treatment-considerations/) - Although oral estrogen is considered treatment, should bio-identical, oral estrogen be in the same category? GE Prodigy and iDXA. - [80 YO WF on Prolia for 8 yrs.ONJ on MRI 3/23; resolved on MRI 11/23. Last Prolia 11/22](https://iscd.org/answers/80-yo-wf-on-prolia-for-8-yrs-onj-on-mri-323-resolved-on-mri-1123-last-prolia-1122/) - 63.5". 127#. Kyphoplasty T8 for compression fx 2020. HO PAT, GERD, hypothyroidism. Dexascan5/23 reveals t-score of -2 at L2-L4. Tscore -3 at femoral neck. On aspirin, ca/vit d, flecainide acetate, lasix 20 mg, Levothroid 25 mcg, Lisinopril 5 mg, multivitamin, Plavix 75 mg, ranitidine 150mg, tambocor 100mg, Tizanidine 4mg. Cr 0.65, calcium 8.9, HgA1C 5.9, - [Is it best policy to add bone to the femoral head of a Hologic scan on EVERY patient?](https://iscd.org/answers/is-it-best-policy-to-add-bone-to-the-femoral-head-of-a-hologic-scan-on-every-patient/) - We were taught by Hologic to add bone to the femoral head only if it will turn the femoral neck box and place it in a better position. Would like clarification. - [soft tissue artifact](https://iscd.org/answers/soft-tissue-artifact/) - Hologic...I am told to ignore this artifact, that it will be auto deleted since not overlying bone,,,finding it hard to believe it wont affect the results, please advise - [Do any of the GE / Encore users have PACS integration?](https://iscd.org/answers/do-any-of-the-ge-encore-users-have-pacs-integration/) - Are you able to also send the values and graphs? The software specialist has only been able to send images of the lumbar spine and hip which by themselves are really not helpful at all. The report shows as sent but displays as "empty". We are using Novarad in our institution in case it matters. - [Incorporating TBS](https://iscd.org/answers/incorporating-tbs/) - We plan to start using TBS at out center. I am still trying to understand when TBS is appropriate. Is it indicated to report TBS in a patient already on treatment? If so then how should TBS be used in this situation? Obviously FRAX would not be used in a patient already on treatment. Also - [2023 Official Positions TBS question](https://iscd.org/answers/2023-official-positions-tbs-question/) - Should we not exclude vertebra at all on TBS or not include the TBS report on patients with the listed conditions? We've been including TBS if patients have hardware as long as there are 2 vertebra available. But if I'm understanding this, we shouldn't be doing TBS on these patients at all. • L1-L4 vertebral - [Artifacts in lumbar spine ROI](https://iscd.org/answers/artifacts-in-lumbar-spine-roi/) - Patient had a glucose monitor in spine ROI adjacent to L2 and L3. It was not touching nor was it in the bone mapping. My understanding is that even though I cannot have patient remove it, I can still use the spine analysis since artifact is not in the bone mapping. The patient since returned - [TBS lumbar spine analyses, exclusions](https://iscd.org/answers/tbs-lumbar-spine-analyses-exclusions/) - Why for TBS does ISCD recommend to use analyses with vertebral bodies with moderate degenerative changes and compression fractures left in? For the normal bone density test, fractures are always excluded so we would have two different spine analyses. - [TBS Database not available for Asians](https://iscd.org/answers/tbs-database-not-available-for-asians/) - Recently added TBS to our GE Lunar Prodigy with MediMaps TBS insight v3.1 and will not allow us to perform TBS on Asian patients. Is there another option? - [Body composition and LSC](https://iscd.org/answers/body-composition-and-lsc/) - Is it necessary to perform precision study for Body Composition to get a LSC for follow-up scanning? Using Hologic Horizon W - [Do technicians need to do precision testing on TBS?](https://iscd.org/answers/do-technicians-need-to-do-precision-testing-on-tbs/) - Precision testing and cross-calibration was performed on our IDXA, as we near using TBS we want to confirm that there is not additional precision testing for the TBS aside from the installation calibration test, which for us passed. - [who is considered pediatric?](https://iscd.org/answers/who-is-considered-pediatric/) - A BMD at my site with a GE Lunar scan has been requested on a 150# 16 year old. Can I do traditional sites for an adult or do I still need to do TBLH? Thank you. - [Cross Calibration Between Prodigy & IDXA](https://iscd.org/answers/cross-calibration-between-prodigy-idxa/) - We could possibly be obtaining patients from a clinic which will not be replacing their Prodigy. If we cross calibrate between their Prodigy and our IDXA, can we use their prior patient information to continue treatment? Or is it in the patient's best interest to start them as a new patient on our IDXA? - [Spine interpretation based on T-score combinations from the extended spine results report?](https://iscd.org/answers/spine-interpretation-based-on-t-score-combinations-from-the-extended-spine-results-report/) - GE and Hologic. Is this acceptable best practice for interpretation of spine results: "On the GE units, I look at individual vertebra and find the one with the lowest T-score or Z￾score. Add 1 to that to get the range of evaluable vertebra. These may be non adjacent vertebra in some situations (historically, the ISCD - [Bilateral hips is it necessary ? For patient](https://iscd.org/answers/bilateral-hips-is-it-necessary-for-patient/) - [How to manage atypical femoral fracture.](https://iscd.org/answers/how-to-manage-atypical-femoral-fracture/) - I recently attended the ISCD course and thank you for helping me pass the exam. I learned during the lecture that I should have a high suspicion for a contralateral atypical femoral neck fracture and recently screened for one and found it but now don’t know what my next step should be. She is a - [Hip analysis (adding bone or deleting greater trochanter)](https://iscd.org/answers/hip-analysis-adding-bone-or-deleting-greater-trochanter/) - Just received new machine and the Hologic trainer recommended to click "auto position" for every hip scan analysis if we have added bone or deleted greater trochanter. I understood that ISCD recommends to only click auto position on the patient's baseline scan only. Is this still ISCD recommendation? - [Decrease scan time by reducing scan field/length](https://iscd.org/answers/decrease-scan-time-by-reducing-scan-fieldlength/) - Hello, I was reading the book "Bone health assessment in pediatrics : guidelines for clinical practice" and I saw that the length of the scan field may be adjusted to reduce the scan time for children. Is this recommended? Also, I have not come across this feature... how can I reduce scan length/field? Thank you - [help me to understand the rationale of repeating a DXA 1 year after starting treatment?](https://iscd.org/answers/help-me-to-understand-the-rationale-of-repeating-a-dxa-1-year-after-starting-treatment/) - Good morning, i started working at a new Rheum clinic recently. We have a DXA machine. I have been helping with the reports. Following the ISCD recommendations regarding DXA intervals, my general recommendation has been to repeat a DXA 1 year after starting treatment and 2 years for regular monitoring. My colleague , who is - [Cross calibration between Hologic Horizon & GE prodigy](https://iscd.org/answers/cross-calibration-between-hologic-horizon-ge-prodigy/) - Hi. We are a research site using Hologic Horizon and we are working with another site using GE prodigy. My worry is the results at the end of the study. I have asked them to send their phantom for me to scan but I am not sure how many times to scan it and how - [Osteophytes in spine](https://iscd.org/answers/osteophytes-in-spine/) - is it preferred to exclude a lumbar vertebra with osteophytes or shave them off (for instance, by shaving them out using a straight line)? - [How to get Z score on spine for 17 year old patient?](https://iscd.org/answers/how-to-get-z-score-on-spine-for-17-year-old-patient/) - Will you only get a spine Z score on a 17 year old patient if you include all vertebrae? We deleted 1 due to artifact and we aren't getting a Z score or a reference curve. Machine is Hologic Horizon. - [Who should be responsible to calculate the FRAX?](https://iscd.org/answers/who-should-be-responsible-to-calculate-the-frax/) - [1/3 Forearm reasoning](https://iscd.org/answers/13-forearm-reasoning/) - Hologic Horizon A Why is the 1/3 forearm the portion that is reported on? - [What should be stopped prior to a DXA scan and how long?](https://iscd.org/answers/what-should-be-stopped-prior-to-a-dxa-scan-and-how-long/) - Calcium and MVI the day of the scan? Does antacids have to be stopped? We are seeing some say 48 hours before scan stop calcium and Multivitamin. Others include antacids. Most calcium tablets are absorbed after 4 hours. It should pass the spine by that point? - [selecting appropriate therapy after AFF & ONJ on the same patient](https://iscd.org/answers/selecting-appropriate-therapy-after-aff-onj-on-the-same-patient/) - 72 y.o female who sustained bilateral distal radius & proximal humerus at different time points in last 15 yrs while on BP therapy & was then switched to Dmab over the last 10yrs. unfortunately, she developed ONJ 4 months ago, which has healed, but also she sustained AFF in her left femur shaft last month - [Which vertebrae do I excluce](https://iscd.org/answers/which-vertebrae-do-i-excluce/) - Hologic Machine: spine values equal L1=(-1.0), L2=(-2.8), L3=(-3.8), L4=(-4.5) which vertebrae do I delete if any. Baseline scan. - [Should one report change in the total hip or femoral neck (in addition to spine)?](https://iscd.org/answers/should-one-report-change-in-the-total-hip-or-femoral-neck-in-addition-to-spine/) - I have been reporting interval change in total hip, and a friend of mine at a different institution told me she reports change in femoral neck, not total hip. Are there specific guidelines regarding which is correct? (I have not seen any). Thanks! - [Adjacent vertebrae](https://iscd.org/answers/adjacent-vertebrae/) - We have a GE iDXA machine. I thought that I had asked this question a few weeks ago but am not sure if I ever hit send. I apologize if I am repeating this question. I have some new physicians reading scans and have some difference in determining which vertebrae should be excluded because of - [should hormone replacement therapy negate a frax score](https://iscd.org/answers/should-hormone-replacement-therapy-negate-a-frax-score/) - hologic - [How to record LSC](https://iscd.org/answers/how-to-record-lsc/) - We report significant change on dual femurs except when a hip is excluded then we’ll report changes on the one hip. When performing precision assessments which site should be performed? Total dual femur or is it acceptable to only do the left total femur? If so, would we still record that LSC from the left - [Incorrect Baseline used](https://iscd.org/answers/incorrect-baseline-used/) - One of our techs was using the last Dexa done not the first Dexa as a baseline. Does that mean the data is invalid from those exams? - [Copying Images for comparison](https://iscd.org/answers/copying-images-for-comparison/) - I have been copying the first Dexa done to the new images - not the last previous Dexa. For example I copy 2023 with 2010, even though they may have a 2019 image. All the data is used for the trending and the numbers for comparison change would be from the 2019 Dexa. We have - [Is there an age limit to include in the FRAX question "hip fracture in a parent" ?](https://iscd.org/answers/is-there-an-age-limit-to-include-in-the-frax-question-hip-fracture-in-a-parent/) - Some won't include the hip frx if the parent is over 80 but I can't find evidence anywhere about age of parent - [What are the official position on prcision assessment for body composition?](https://iscd.org/answers/what-are-the-official-position-on-prcision-assessment-for-body-composition/) - When using densitometry for body composition in research should a precision assessment be done and what are the guidelines? - [does vaping count as a smoking history for frax calculation? thanks!](https://iscd.org/answers/does-vaping-count-as-a-smoking-history-for-frax-calculation-thanks/) - ge lunar - [if patient ethnicity is arabic egyptian](https://iscd.org/answers/if-patient-ethnicity-is-arabic-egyptian/) - If patient selects other and you can not obtain a FRAX due to the ethnicity what ethnicity would you defer to if the patient is Egyptian? Thank you - [Decreased BMD, Increased T-score](https://iscd.org/answers/decreased-bmd-increased-t-score/) - GE Lunar. This makes no sense to me. Prior study 11/18/21 forearm bmd 0.730 and T-score -2.6, current bmd 0.681 with -2.2 T-score. The machine looks like the software has been updated and the machine looks like it was also moved physical location. Could this be the result of improper calibration? - [Precision Assessment and LSC](https://iscd.org/answers/precision-assessment-and-lsc/) - We have a GE Lunar machine, 3 techs, and are getting ready to do our LSC testing. Will we always use L1-L4? What if one of the vertebra is invalid? Do we only use the valid vertebrae? - [Is two vertebrae enough to make a diagnosis in a spine or should a forearm be scanned as well?](https://iscd.org/answers/is-two-vertebrae-enough-to-make-a-diagnosis-in-a-spine-or-should-a-forearm-be-scanned-as-well/) - Hologic Horizom W. - [Is it every seven years a forearm scan is repeated?](https://iscd.org/answers/is-it-every-seven-years-a-forearm-scan-is-repeated/) - Hologic Horizon W Is a forearm scan only ever repeated every seven years? Is there ever any reason to repeat it before that or does it not show change as it is too soon? - [If a vertebra is eliminated, can it be analysed at a future scan?](https://iscd.org/answers/if-a-vertebra-is-eliminated-can-it-be-analysed-at-a-future-scan/) - Hologic Horizon W If a vertebra is eliminated , not because of a fracture but because it is more than one standard deviation away from other vertebrae and will change the overall result of the scan? Can it be analysed in a future scan after a few years ? - [Colostomy Bag](https://iscd.org/answers/colostomy-bag/) - Does a colostomy bag overlying part of lumbar spine region affect bone density since it's made of a plastic material? Should you still include spine results with caution? Hologic is manufacturer. - [Software for reporting](https://iscd.org/answers/software-for-reporting/) - I was told by one of my colleagues that here is a software that can autopopulate the BMD numbers from the scan into the report. Currently we have Nuance reporting system and Powerscribe/Visage for PACS system. Could I please get name or info on this software? Thank you. - [Is there one method for QCT one would recommend over another](https://iscd.org/answers/is-there-one-method-for-qct-one-would-recommend-over-another/) - Is Automated QCT better than Phantom QCT. When looking to do opportunistic QCT what is the better option? - [need reference if there is one for calling Osteoporosis when info/image showing fragility fracture](https://iscd.org/answers/need-reference-if-there-is-one-for-calling-osteoporosis-when-infoimage-showing-fragility-fracture/) - this is needed for my large bicostal group serving 7 states. wish to have the actual reference to calling OP even in face of normal or osteopenic dexa values when fragility hip or spine fracture is present by images or excellent history. Several of us CCD docs know this to be true clinically, but I - [Guidelines for AFF](https://iscd.org/answers/guidelines-for-aff/) - Are there any other guidelines on when to perform SE Femur scans on Hologic Horizon machines apart from the current description in the ISCD guidelines: Consider bilateral FFI for detecting abnormalities in the spectrum of AFF in patients who are receiving bisphosphonate or denosumab therapy or discontinued it within the last year, with a cumulative - [Young woman, endometrial ablation?](https://iscd.org/answers/young-woman-endometrial-ablation/) - 43 yo female, amenorrhea x 3 yrs following endometrial ablation. I have no idea what her ovarian function is. Do I consider her post-menopausal for purposes of reporting DXA results? - [ISCD have guidance re: effect of CT or MRI contrast on DXA scans?](https://iscd.org/answers/iscd-have-guidance-re-effect-of-ct-or-mri-contrast-on-dxa-scans/) - Work in a large hospital. DXA is often part of complex workup.s. Only article I found studies only 10 patients before and after CT contrast. 5 GE Lunar and 5 Hologic. Even the authors don't specifically address Effect of C contrast on standard spine and hip DEXA scan results. - [HCTZ as treatment](https://iscd.org/answers/hctz-as-treatment/) - Do I perform a FRAX on a patient who is being treated with HCTZ? - [Cross calibration](https://iscd.org/answers/cross-calibration-3/) - Two DXA units were recently replaced without notifying me. An in vivo Cross Calibration was therefore never done. The Hologic applications specialist assured the techs that the units were in fact cross calibrated with the old machines, and that comparisons could be made. However, that is not my understanding from attending multiple courses. I thought - [TBS](https://iscd.org/answers/tbs/) - I have 2 sites with new units. Both have TBS capability, and have asked that we start including that in our reports. Is that something you recommend? How do you recommend reporting of it? - [pediatric cutoff for DEXA](https://iscd.org/answers/pediatric-cutoff-for-dexa/) - I am at a new practice which has a GE Lunar DXA machine (I am accustomed to Hologic for the past 3 decades). A technologist did a DXA scan on a 16 year old with primary amenorrhea, and the machine did not give a Z-score- I suspect that that is because we do not have - [Bone density on patient aftet mri, CT, Nuclear medicine injection](https://iscd.org/answers/bone-density-on-patient-aftet-mri-ct-nuclear-medicine-injection/) - Can you scan a patient who had Nuclear Medicine injection before doing there bone density test? Can you Scan a patient who had CT Contrast Not barium same day bone density test? This question has yes you can and No you can not l would like this verified Can you do a bone density test - [body composition testing](https://iscd.org/answers/body-composition-testing/) - Patient requesting a body composition test has internal hardware at the clavicle. My question is can WBC testing be done when a patient has any kind of metal within the body. I was told that a patient cannot have any metal within the body to perform. I was wondering if the ISCD has a position - [Does ISCD have an official position or opinion about performing BMC on lactating patients?](https://iscd.org/answers/does-iscd-have-an-official-position-or-opinion-about-performing-bmc-on-lactating-patients/) - We have a Hologic machine, and we have been doing BMCs since 2013, this issue has never come up before, but we are reviewing our Policy & Procedure manual, and the question was asked in passing, and I want to be able to add this item into our Manual. Should we wait a certain amount - [Manually entering LSC in the GE Lunar Prodigy](https://iscd.org/answers/manually-entering-lsc-in-the-ge-lunar-prodigy/) - I have calculated our LSC for Spine, Hip-Total; Neck, 1/3 Forearm. I have a GE Lunar Prodigy and did not know how the Wizard operated before I had my techs. do their precision study. I cannot use the wizard due to everything is intermixed. Therefore, I calculated the LSC's using the ISCD calculator. Is there - [L-Spine analysis](https://iscd.org/answers/l-spine-analysis/) - Per Hologic, we are not to delete (foreshorten) the global ROI due to hardware in the spine. What is the proper analysis method per ISCD to analyze a spine if there is hardware? Example, fusion in L3-4. I have attached images of the same pt. with L1-4 included, 3-4 excluded, and the global ROI foreshortened - [Precision calculation between multiple sites](https://iscd.org/answers/precision-calculation-between-multiple-sites/) - I have 3 new Horizon models between 3 different sites, 1 Discovery model at one of the sites. All units are cross-calibrated. We are in the middle of performing our precision studies on all units. Our radiologist report on all and we need one LSC for all sites. I am having each technologist do a - [Excluding vertebra](https://iscd.org/answers/excluding-vertebra/) - Scanning a patient on GE Lunar Prodigy. I have instructions from my reading providers that are different, provider 1 states L1 and L2 should be excluded on analysis. Provider 2 states only L2 should be excluded. I have been tasked with getting an answer from the ISCD experts. Please see included documentation. - [Frax reporting](https://iscd.org/answers/frax-reporting/) - what is the iscd position on reporting frax for all dxa scans regardless of the diagnosis - [Native Americans and DXA](https://iscd.org/answers/native-americans-and-dxa/) - What is the position of ISCD regarding calculation of Z Scores for Native Americans? - [Comparing previous scans done on different machines.](https://iscd.org/answers/comparing-previous-scans-done-on-different-machines/) - We have a GE Lunar Prodigy machine. Question: Is it possible to directly compare the scans done on a GE Lunar Prodigy and a Hologic Discovery? I am reading DEXA's and many patients have had the previous scan done on a different machine. How do the scans compare? Do we compare the T-scores? BMD? or - [how do I substitute new precision number obtained with a newly hired tech from the old tech](https://iscd.org/answers/how-do-i-substitute-new-precision-number-obtained-with-a-newly-hired-tech-from-the-old-tech/) - [Ultradistal ROI positioning](https://iscd.org/answers/ultradistal-roi-positioning/) - Hello, Where does the Ultradistal region starts exactly ? Should I position the upper line below the cortical compartment (see image 1) or in the intersection radius/cubitus (see image 2)? Thank you in advance for your help! - [is it necessary to repeat the FRAX version on the final report if it is in the actual DXA?](https://iscd.org/answers/is-it-necessary-to-repeat-the-frax-version-on-the-final-report-if-it-is-in-the-actual-dxa/) - Some items listed on the ISCD DXA template is in the actual DXA report (clinical history in detail is documented on our history sheets) does that then need to be repeated by the interpreter? - [Per ISCD: should only 1 risk of fracture be used in our reports?](https://iscd.org/answers/per-iscd-should-only-1-risk-of-fracture-be-used-in-our-reports/) - Currently our reports contain: 1. RISK OF FRACTURE: low, mod or high based on T-scores (relative risk) 2. TBS adjusted FRAX scores: absolute risk - [Should bone edges be cleaned up to remove osteophytes?](https://iscd.org/answers/should-bone-edges-be-cleaned-up-to-remove-osteophytes/) - In working with a GE Lunar iDXA machine, I recently came across a femur with osteophytes and degenerative changes. Is it most accurate and correct, and do you recommend, to clean up the bone edges to remove osteophytes? Doing so improved the T score. Please review and advise. Thanks! - [Tobacco use and FRAX. Does Vape, Nicorette or the patch count as tobacco use? Chewing tobacco?](https://iscd.org/answers/tobacco-use-and-frax-does-vape-nicorette-or-the-patch-count-as-tobacco-use-chewing-tobacco/) - [Can a DEXA be performed on the same day the person is having a Nuclear Bone Scan?](https://iscd.org/answers/can-a-dexa-be-performed-on-the-same-day-the-person-is-having-a-nuclear-bone-scan/) - We have the HOLOGIC Horizon-W - [Precision testing on whole body scans](https://iscd.org/answers/precision-testing-on-whole-body-scans/) - Hello, We do majority whole body scans at my location. I know that for the femur, spine, and forearm we are to use the BMDs for the precision assessments. However, what do we use for whole body precision assessments? Is it the same? Do we use the BMD that is given on the analysis? Whole - [Why such a large change in bmd?](https://iscd.org/answers/why-such-a-large-change-in-bmd/) - The first screen shot: 2023 exam, just asked the tech to bring the outline up along the inferior aspect of the femoral neck, T-score drops approximately 2 for the FN and TH. 2nd screen shot: current exam (without fix) vs 2020 scan = 1.2% increase 3rd screen shot: current exam (fixed) vs 2020 scan = - [PT'S RESULTS DECLINE BEING ON FOSOMAX](https://iscd.org/answers/pts-results-decline-being-on-fosomax/) - A PATIENT WAS CONERN BECAUSE HE HAS BEEN ON FOSAMAX AND HIS BONE DENSITY ON THE HIP WENT FROM A -0.2 TWO YEARS AGO TO A -0.4 THIS YEAR. ON HIS SPINE IT WENT FROM -2.2 TO -1.8. SUGGESTIONS ON HOW TO EDUCATE MYSELF AND MY PATIENTS WITH THERE IS A CHANGE. - [IVA](https://iscd.org/answers/iva/) - I WOULD LIKE TO KNOW OF WHERE TO FIND IVA SAMPLE REPORTS, ALSO DOES INSURANCE PAY FOR IVA EXAM - [Low bmd question](https://iscd.org/answers/low-bmd-question/) - My question is do you think this super low bmd is real? I have never seen a bmd that low and I don't know why it would be that low especially when the hip is osteopenia. - [Forearm scan point markings](https://iscd.org/answers/forearm-scan-point-markings/) - On a forearm I did last week, the vertical line is missing. The ulna and radius UD is there, but the 33% area of the two bones does not show up. I work on a GE iDXA. Any suggestions? - [An endocrinologist is asking that interval change at femoral neck be reported](https://iscd.org/answers/an-endocrinologist-is-asking-that-interval-change-at-femoral-neck-be-reported/) - We have Hologic machine and for interval change we have reported at total hip, spine. One of the endocrinologist is asking that we need to report interval changes at the femoral neck. After attending the last ISCD course as advised we stopped reported interval change at the femoral neck. Kindly let us know if there - [COMPARING FEMORAL NECK INPLACE OF TOTAL HIP](https://iscd.org/answers/comparing-femoral-neck-inplace-of-total-hip/) - DR. ASKED ABOUT HIS PATIENT DEXA STUDY FOR ME TO COMPARE FEMORAL NECK INSTEAD OF TOTAL HIP. ANY SUGGESTIONS ON A RESPONSE. - [question regarding LSC (hologic)](https://iscd.org/answers/question-regarding-lsc-hologic/) - Our spine LSC is 0.036. When doing the reports, an asterick (*) will appear next to the numbers that are a significant change. In this particular case , the difference for the spine I did was exactly 0.036 and an asterick did not appear. My question is do we count that as a change or - [peds dexa verbage](https://iscd.org/answers/peds-dexa-verbage/) - I have an Hologic Horizon W. is there any standard verbiage for a peds dexa report, stating something about not reporting a t-score? I have maybe one a year or two and I always get called on it. Our dr's use the computer generated report for all other dexa reporting. - [alternate bone density for bi-lat hip replacements](https://iscd.org/answers/alternate-bone-density-for-bi-lat-hip-replacements/) - Hello, I work in research and I have an investigator who is asking which alternative area for bone density would be similar to the proximal femur hip? His participants have bi lateral hip replacements. I was going to suggest the distal femur, but wanted to ask your thoughts. I know there are others such as - [How long after stopping treatment meds is the bmd considered not on treatment](https://iscd.org/answers/how-long-after-stopping-treatment-meds-is-the-bmd-considered-not-on-treatment/) - How long after a patient stops osteoporosis medication is the phone intensity, and the patient considered not affecting the BMD and they’re not on a treatment like their BMT is not altered how long after stopping it with you, notice an impact on the DEXA scan - [Do you recommend searching the femur neck box on GE Lunar Prodigy scans?](https://iscd.org/answers/do-you-recommend-searching-the-femur-neck-box-on-ge-lunar-prodigy-scans/) - We have always searched our neck box on the GE Lunar hip scans so there is an equal amount of soft tissue on either side of the neck box. With recent applications on our new Prodigy, the applications tech told us not to search, the machine does everything. We believe this results in a scan - [Echolight Ultrasound for BMD](https://iscd.org/answers/echolight-ultrasound-for-bmd/) - Has the ISCD heard of this, and what are the thoughts?? - [What is the ISCD position on vertebral hemangioma?](https://iscd.org/answers/what-is-the-iscd-position-on-vertebral-hemangioma/) - Is it best to delete all vertebrae with hemangioma, and if so, what do you do if all four lumbar vertebrae contain a hemangioma? Do you use the same policy for bone islands? - [Are there any guidelines for treating forearm osteoporosis](https://iscd.org/answers/are-there-any-guidelines-for-treating-forearm-osteoporosis/) - Would forcing frax on otherwise normal and/ or no diagnostic spine data be useful? - [what is the billing code that should be used when performing a total body less head scan?](https://iscd.org/answers/what-is-the-billing-code-that-should-be-used-when-performing-a-total-body-less-head-scan/) - [They say I need an IRB for Precision Testing](https://iscd.org/answers/they-say-i-need-an-irb-for-precision-testing/) - Hello, I work at Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science. We work in research and the Department of Research has said that an IRB application is needed in order to proceed forward with the precision testing. I gave them your website and explained since it is to enhance the skill of the technologist, no IRB - [Report templates](https://iscd.org/answers/report-templates/) - Are there any VFA and TBS report templates available through ISCD? - [Total Hip Global ROI on Follow Up](https://iscd.org/answers/total-hip-global-roi-on-follow-up/) - I recently started doing QC for DXA follow up scans and have found that a tech was changing the global ROI size on almost all her follow up hip scans rather than copying the bone map as we had been trained. The tech says that when she copies the bone map and then looks at - [forearm osteoporosis](https://iscd.org/answers/forearm-osteoporosis/) - in a patient with normal bmd fem neck and total hip, nondx spine due to ddd and forearm osteoporosis 1/3 distal rad of -3.0.. how are treatment decisions made very generally...(no compression fractures on vert fracture analysis as well) - [Auto Low Density setting in Pediatrics complicating the LSC table.](https://iscd.org/answers/auto-low-density-setting-in-pediatrics-complicating-the-lsc-table/) - Hello We have a Hologic Horizon A. We have had a lot of "#" coming up on the change table and Hologic tells me it is because the prior study utilized auto low density analysis and the current study does not. Hologic sent me a paper from Thomas L Kelly a senior scientist for the - [Confirming - No LSC / Precision Study should be done on LVAs /VFAs (vertebral fracture assessments)](https://iscd.org/answers/confirming-no-lsc-precision-study-should-be-done-on-lvas-vfas-vertebral-fracture-assessments/) - Please confirm that it is not recommended or necessary to perform an LSC or precision study on vertebral fracture assessments. - [How often do you scan a Pediatric DXA for Aneroxia Nervosa](https://iscd.org/answers/how-often-do-you-scan-a-pediatric-dxa-for-aneroxia-nervosa/) - I had a referring provider asking to scan a Pediatric patient less than a year apart from the baseline. The patient was started on ERT to bring on menses and the referring provider told her to obtain another DXA 6-8 months from the onset of the ERT? - [Vitamin D recommendations](https://iscd.org/answers/vitamin-d-recommendations/) - I use a phrase "optimize calcium and vitamin D as appropriate. Avoid modifiable risk factors" in my result note to providers. I have had some pushback regarding the vitamin D recommendation as there was a recent study that indicated that vitamin D does not reduce fracture risk. My question is, should I remove this from - [Placement of ROI includes greater trochanter.](https://iscd.org/answers/placement-of-roi-includes-greater-trochanter/) - We have recently had 2 cases with ROI includes the greater trochanter of the hip. Techs repeated the study using the computer placement. Result is a huge difference between the hips re: BMD/T Score. Any suggestions? Thank you! - [follow- up scanning](https://iscd.org/answers/follow-up-scanning/) - Hologic Horizon. HOW MANY YEARS INBETWEEN SCANNING SHOULD BE INCLUDED AS A FOLLOW UP SCAN. IF A PATIENT HAD A SCAN IN 2001 BUT NO OTHER SCANS, RETURNING IN 2022, SHOULD THE RATE OF CHANGE INFORMATION BE INCLUDED ON THE REPORT? - [excluding vertebra bodies due to T score difference](https://iscd.org/answers/excluding-vertebra-bodies-due-to-t-score-difference/) - machine - Hologic Prodigy What is your opinion on excluding anatomically normal appearing vertebrae if the T score difference is more than 1.0? have had patients where there are clearly visible djd changes on several levels, but the T scores are within 1SD from each other and then adjacent normal appearaing vertebral bodies which then - [What constitutes enough spinal change to include a forearm? hologic](https://iscd.org/answers/what-constitutes-enough-spinal-change-to-include-a-forearm-hologic/) - An endcrinologist who is referred a lot of our osteoporosis patients, is consistently asking for the patients to be brought back (without charge) to have the forearm done. We have two Lspine vertebra to use in these most of cases, but there is increased uptake possibly c/w sclerosis or osteoarthritis that seems to elevate the - [Femoral neck box width](https://iscd.org/answers/femoral-neck-box-width/) - Good afternoon, I understand ISCD suggests on Hologic systems, to keep femoral neck box width at 15. There are times that the patient has a very narrow neck and if you have it at 15 width, it appears to have part of the femoral head in the box. It appears that it would falsely elevate - [Regarding Glucocorticoids:](https://iscd.org/answers/regarding-glucocorticoids/) - Hologic Horizon W Is it only oral steroids we include in the Frax? I'm wondering about Cortisone injections and steroid inhalers. - [Rx for osteoporosis at radius only.](https://iscd.org/answers/rx-for-osteoporosis-at-radius-only/) - The NOF recommends: "Initiate therapy in those with BMD T-scores < -2.5 at the femoral neck, total hip, or spine by DXA...". As you know we often evaluate the radius with DXA (when hip or spine not usable, for instance, or patients with hyperPTH). On occasion, in those patients, the radius is the only evaluated - [Any news about ECHOLIGHT, FDA approved US for bone density?](https://iscd.org/answers/any-news-about-echolight-fda-approved-us-for-bone-density/) - [The question asks have you EVER taken...does it matter if you no longer take the osteo meds?](https://iscd.org/answers/the-question-asks-have-you-ever-taken-does-it-matter-if-you-no-longer-take-the-osteo-meds/) - Hologic - [Does anyone have a sample of DXA report that includes TBS information?](https://iscd.org/answers/does-anyone-have-a-sample-of-dxa-report-that-includes-tbs-information/) - [How to bill for TBLH exam in children and whether we should do proximal femur in addition ?](https://iscd.org/answers/how-to-bill-for-tblh-exam-in-children-and-whether-we-should-do-proximal-femur-in-addition/) - Hello, the official ISCD position for children is to do spine and TBLH exam. But total body exams are not covered by insurance. Can you bill for an axial and still report total body in the official results? Do people routinely do proximal femur BMD in children as well (so 3 sites total) ? - [Total Body DXA for 19 yo. How to report?](https://iscd.org/answers/total-body-dxa-for-19-yo-how-to-report/) - We performed a baseline DXA on a 19 yo female, including total body/less head, as requested, on a 19 yo female with Crohn disease since a teenager. She is transitioning care from pediatric to adult Gastroenterology. What reference database should we use (specifically pediatric or adult). How do I find out what database Hologic uses - [Do you need to perform an LSC for R and L forearm and Femurs each/separately?](https://iscd.org/answers/do-you-need-to-perform-an-lsc-for-r-and-l-forearm-and-femurs-eachseparately/) - Is it necessary to perform LSC's and scans on 30 people x2 for R and L femur and R and L forearm? Or is it sufficient to do 30 people x2 on either femur to give an LSC for femurs in general? - [Cross calibrating instruments across different centers](https://iscd.org/answers/cross-calibrating-instruments-across-different-centers/) - Can you point me in the right direction for resources/tools/methods for how to go about cross calibrating instruments (same manufacturer) across mutliple centers? - [deleting adjacent vertebrae](https://iscd.org/answers/deleting-adjacent-vertebrae/) - We use Hologic horizon scanner. On a follow up scan, if we used L1, L2 and L4 (L3 deleted previously because there is more than a 1.0 T-score difference between the vertebra in question and adjacent vertebrae. On the follow up scan using L1, L2, and L4, if L4 is more than 1.0 t-scores different - [Question about deleting vertabrae....](https://iscd.org/answers/question-about-deleting-vertabrae/) - If a prior lumbar spine had a previously deleted L2 vertebrae and upon follow up scanning, the L1 and L3 vertebrae are more than one standard deviation, do I delete L3 or leave it in because they are not adjacent vertabrae? The spine I had in question had the following t-scores numbers: L1 was -2.1, - [Should we compare between different locations](https://iscd.org/answers/should-we-compare-between-different-locations/) - Hi there, Our health system has 4 Hologic Horizon machines with the same software at 4 different locations. We are currently only scanning follow up patients at their previously scanned location but were told we could potentially compare between locations by Hologic. A Hologic representative spent a day taking one locations phantom to all sites - [Vertebral compression fracture and the diagnosis of pediatric osteoporosis.](https://iscd.org/answers/vertebral-compression-fracture-and-the-diagnosis-of-pediatric-osteoporosis/) - I wanted to clarify the position's statement regarding the definition of pediatric osteoporosis. Is a vertebral compression fracture in the absence of local disease or high energy trauma with a BMD z-score within 2SD for age enough to diagnose pediatric osteoporosis or does one need both low trauma vertebral compression fracture AND BMD z-score less - [Is it ok to analyze a spine that does not have 2 consecutive vert bodies?](https://iscd.org/answers/is-it-ok-to-analyze-a-spine-that-does-not-have-2-consecutive-vert-bodies/) - example L 1 and L3 both have compression fractures. - [TBS reports](https://iscd.org/answers/tbs-reports/) - Hello, We are trying to incorporate TBS to our DXA scans. I am looking for guidance on the appropriate wording to include it in the report. Also, whar are the thresholds for normal, degraded and partially degraded. Do these values change with different software? if we exclude one level for the T-score reporting should we - [QUS reporting](https://iscd.org/answers/qus-reporting/) - Hi. My hospital rarely, if ever, receives requests for QUS heel densitometry. As a result, we don't have a dictation template for reporting the procedure and results. I was wondering if you could suggest a sample QUS report to help me create a template for futures QUS. Or, if that is not possible, then teach - [FRAX and height](https://iscd.org/answers/frax-and-height/) - Does FRAX actually incorporate height when assessing fracture risk? For example: for people with short stature (less than 5 feet) given Areal BMD determined from DXA can be misleading. - [BMD changes on serial DXAs](https://iscd.org/answers/bmd-changes-on-serial-dxas/) - Relatively frequently, BMD changes are reported as "significant" when no gross positioning errors are seen. Most frequent site: hips. Is there a formula to validate this "significance"? What is considered to be a significant area change between 2 DXAs? Appreciate any guidance on this as calculating area changes is really cumbersome esp when these have - [BMAD ASSESSMENT FOR SHORT ADULTS](https://iscd.org/answers/bmad-assessment-for-short-adults/) - Is BMAD assessment for adults with short stature (< 5 feet) given areal BMD can be misleading. Would ISCD endorse assessment in this population? If yes, do we have evidence of association with fracture risk? Which calculation to be used? - [WHY CAN NURSES PERFORM INTERPRETATION OF DENSITOMETRIES? WHY NOT THE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST?](https://iscd.org/answers/why-can-nurses-perform-interpretation-of-densitometries-why-not-the-medical-technologist/) - THE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST PERFORMS BONE DENSITOMETRIES, IN ADDITION TO BEING TRAINED FOR IT, AND I THINK THEY SHOULD BE INCLUDED WITHIN THE BONE DENSITOMETRIES INTERPRETATION TEAM. WHY THE NURSES AND NOT THE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST? THANK YOU. - [Cross Calibration](https://iscd.org/answers/cross-calibration-2/) - This is my first time using the calculators. We have replaced our Lunar Prodigy machine with an iDXA machine and have done calibration on them. We did where we scanned once on the old system and twice on the new system. My physicians are concerned about the LSC that came back on the spine. Could - [Cross Calibration Calculator](https://iscd.org/answers/cross-calibration-calculator/) - I have entered the BMD scores into the Cross Calibration Calculator. The spine is the only one that calculated. Could you please assist me as soon as possible as our reading physicians are wanting this information. I have attached the Cross Calibration Calculator. Thank you. - [Prodigy vs IDXA With The Block or Positioner](https://iscd.org/answers/prodigy-vs-idxa-with-the-block-or-positioner/) - We recently purchased an IDXA. Our old machine was a Prodigy. On the Prodigy we used the block for the spine scan. With the IDXA, they prefer you use the hip positioner and run the spine scan that way. Do we need to keep the patients that were scanned on the Prodigy using the block, - [Please provide guidance on when is it appropriate to check YES on FRAX for secondary osteoporosis?](https://iscd.org/answers/please-provide-guidance-on-when-is-it-appropriate-to-check-yes-on-frax-for-secondary-osteoporosis/) - I am aware of this statement on the FRAX website: "Secondary osteoporosis Enter yes if the patient has a disorder strongly associated with osteoporosis. These include type I (insulin dependent) diabetes, osteogenesis imperfecta in adults, untreated long-standing hyperthyroidism, hypogonadism or premature menopause ( - [regarding surgical clips and "UNDO" Hologic.](https://iscd.org/answers/regarding-surgical-clips-and-undo-hologic/) - If I see that surgical clips or other "artifacts" were automatically removed from the spine analysis by clicking the UNDO button, does that mean I do not have to excluded that level due to the artifact? The software removed that artifact from the overall analysis? Thank you - [Why won't my DXA scanner analyze my patient's left hip in the dual femur scan?](https://iscd.org/answers/why-wont-my-dxa-scanner-analyze-my-patients-left-hip-in-the-dual-femur-scan/) - GE iDXA. The patient is 325lbs. The point typing was all off. I fixed that. I sxcanned in thick mode. I get a message "No reference data for dual femur left region.USA Reference Population did not support Dual Femur Densitometry". - [Counting of lumbar vertebrae](https://iscd.org/answers/counting-of-lumbar-vertebrae/) - On the Hologic equipment I was trained to always count the vertebrae of the lumbar spine from the bottom up as the second vertebrae above sacrum to be L4 and analyse up to L1. In essence always counting as if there are only 5 Lumbar vertebrae. I understood that is how the reference data was - [If a patient had a spine fusion as a child, do we perform a spine scan?](https://iscd.org/answers/if-a-patient-had-a-spine-fusion-as-a-child-do-we-perform-a-spine-scan/) - [Least Significant Change Averaging](https://iscd.org/answers/least-significant-change-averaging/) - GE Lunar Several Technologists have completed their Least Significant Change studies. We need to average them for the facility. What is the formula for averaging the studies? - [risk factors/FRAX question](https://iscd.org/answers/risk-factorsfrax-question/) - If a patient answers no to a previous vertebral fracture prior to having the DXA/VFA completed. Upon analysis of the VFA a fracture is found, is it suggested that we reanalyze and answer yes to the previous vertebral fracture question? If we don't and the patient only has the diagnosis of osteopenia, there is a - [Nuclear medicine contrast agent](https://iscd.org/answers/nuclear-medicine-contrast-agent/) - If a patient had TC 99 for parathyroid imaging approx 48 hours before DXA scan, can you visually see it on DXA scan if still in patient's system? - [Is there a way to add the TBS picture/report onto the DXA letter for GE Lunar, thanks.](https://iscd.org/answers/is-there-a-way-to-add-the-tbs-picturereport-onto-the-dxa-letter-for-ge-lunar-thanks/) - [CGM, SENSOR, TRANSMITTER OR INSULIN PUMP](https://iscd.org/answers/cgm-sensor-transmitter-or-insulin-pump/) - Had a patient ask if it is ok to have DXA with her CGM in place. I know there are several types out there. Just checking to see if its still ok to do a DXA on patients with a sensor, transmitter, or insulin pump in place? We currently have a Lunar Prodigy. We will - [Frax in previously treated patient](https://iscd.org/answers/frax-in-previously-treated-patient/) - I inherited a 76yr old woman who took alendronate for 5+ years for osteopenia and stopped on her own. 5 years passed and another rheumatologist started her on Prolia for DXA T-score L fem neck -1.8 T-score R fem neck -2.2. Frax done 11/2021 MOF 18% Hip Fx 3.8%. Should I continue Prolia? Did she - [Bisphosphonates and ONJ](https://iscd.org/answers/bisphosphonates-and-onj/) - Is there a recommendation on how long to wait before a patient proceeds with tooth extraction and tooth implant when they have been on alendronate for 9 months? - [Is there ever a reason to narrow from side to side the ROI on a Spine?](https://iscd.org/answers/is-there-ever-a-reason-to-narrow-from-side-to-side-the-roi-on-a-spine/) - A fellow technologist questioned and was advised by Hologic to narrow the ROI spine scan to exclude a Pain Pump from being in the ROI. It was in the L3 and 4 levels. I thought I would have been best to just remove L 3 and 4 from the ROI. - [If a cross calibration was not performed between old and new unit, what can be done after the fact.](https://iscd.org/answers/if-a-cross-calibration-was-not-performed-between-old-and-new-unit-what-can-be-done-after-the-fact/) - Both machines are GE Prodigy units. We have a physician concerned about us not preforming this cross calibration. I am aware that this is not a requirement but is recommended. - [Cross Calibration between Lunar Prodigy and IDXA](https://iscd.org/answers/cross-calibration-between-lunar-prodigy-and-idxa/) - We have purchased an IDXA which will be replacing our current GE Lunar Prodigy. We will be transferring the data base to the new machine so that we will still be able to trend. We want to verify that on the GE Lunar Prodigy, we need to scan 30 patients 2 times each at the - [TBS reporting…](https://iscd.org/answers/tbs-reporting/) - Our bone density machine is Hologic and I use the format suggested by the SBI for my reports. We now have the software to perform TBS, but I am unsure how to report it. Can you please share how you incorporate TBS information into your report? - [How to secure patient with poor flexibility?](https://iscd.org/answers/how-to-secure-patient-with-poor-flexibility/) - Hi, I frequently see patients who are stiff or inflexible. I had heard of techs using bags of rice to weigh down feet or forms to hold patients in position. What is the recommended and professional and sanitary method to secure a patient, say for a femur scan, when they are unable to hold the - [What ICD-10 Billing Codes to use for scan for routine maintenance?](https://iscd.org/answers/what-icd-10-billing-codes-to-use-for-scan-for-routine-maintenance/) - Hi, Let's say I have a patient, post-menopausal woman, over age 65, no other risk factors, just in for her routine maintenance scan, of once every two years - what ICD-10 billing codes should I use in this scenario? What If I have a man over 70, no other risk factors, in for his routine - [Lumbar Spine - How should ROIs/Vertebrae Be Reported?](https://iscd.org/answers/lumbar-spine-how-should-roisvertebrae-be-reported/) - In lumbar spine analysis and reporting, should T-score results be reported and graphed as L1-L4 excluding any ROI not appropriate for inclusion? Or should values of each individual vertebra be reported separately? Or should only the worst T score be reported? What is the recommended reporting methodology for this region? - [Any thoughts about how quickly you can start treatment after an osteoporotic fracture?](https://iscd.org/answers/any-thoughts-about-how-quickly-you-can-start-treatment-after-an-osteoporotic-fracture/) - [Duration of Prolia therapy? Is it open ended?](https://iscd.org/answers/duration-of-prolia-therapy-is-it-open-ended/) - I have my wife on Prolia since it was approved. No adverse effects. She is now 70 yr old. I know if it is stopped alternate rx is needed. What do you recommend? She still has OP but BMD has improved. - [How many years would you compare DXA scans for if software changes](https://iscd.org/answers/how-many-years-would-you-compare-dxa-scans-for-if-software-changes/) - I have several DXA scanners with software upgrades that still are utilizing the past CD for patient accounts. Sometimes the CD's are corrupt . Is there any guidelines like Mammography with years of appropriate compatibility or LSC. - [question about scan speed.](https://iscd.org/answers/question-about-scan-speed/) - HOLOGIC Horizon Our Manufacturer has told me there is a +/- 1% difference if using a different scan speed, I thought however, I previously read somewhere that one cannot compare using a different scan speed. When training on new equipment years ago, it was recommended that we use the express mode, which I now understand - [It is necessary to perform least significant changes(LSC) with TBS?](https://iscd.org/answers/it-is-necessary-to-perform-least-significant-changeslsc-with-tbs/) - GE iDXa. v.18. For the past year we have been reporting TBS on the AP Spine. I'm wondering if we should establish a LSC with The TBS data as many of our patients are returning for their follow up DXAs'. and we trend the TBS.(LSC % change vs-baseline?) Thank you! - [FRAX as diagnostic for osteoporosis?](https://iscd.org/answers/frax-as-diagnostic-for-osteoporosis/) - The AACE position regarding elevated FRAX as diagnostic for osteoporosis was presented at the Annual Meeting. Is this position of using elevated FRAX as diagnostic for osteoporosis shared by ISCD? - [When(how soon) to do DXA exam after injectable osteoporosis medications are given?](https://iscd.org/answers/whenhow-soon-to-do-dxa-exam-after-injectable-osteoporosis-medications-are-given/) - Hologic Horizon A w/rotating C-arm - [Does Dialysis affect Total Body DXAs?](https://iscd.org/answers/does-dialysis-affect-total-body-dxas/) - Hello all, I wanted to ask for clarity on a topic that I do not know much about. In the past, I was told by another person who did DEXA that dialysis does not affect the result of a total body DXA scan. SO thinking about it we are not looking at fluids in the - [Cross calibration- followup](https://iscd.org/answers/cross-calibration-followup/) - Hello I am following up on a previous answer regarding cross calibration that was submitted in September, 2021 labelled “Cross calibration”. There was a doubt raised by the research team at GE when installing our new equipment installed. I wanted to make sure that it is ok to do the in vitro calibration if we - [FRAX risks](https://iscd.org/answers/frax-risks/) - I know low body weight is a risk factor to indicate getting a DXA but has it been added to FRAX ? It suddenly appeared on our DXA report as a box to check for risks with the other FRAX risks (I assume this was a local thing but wanted to be sure) - [There is severe DJD of the spine, can L1/L4 be used for interpretation?](https://iscd.org/answers/there-is-severe-djd-of-the-spine-can-l1l4-be-used-for-interpretation/) - Hologic Horizon A with rotating C-arm - [Is it appropriate to do forearm only as a baseline if no there areas can be imaged?](https://iscd.org/answers/is-it-appropriate-to-do-forearm-only-as-a-baseline-if-no-there-areas-can-be-imaged/) - If a patient's spine and bilateral hips are unable to be imaged ( for example spinal Harrington rods and bilateral hip replacements from trauma), should we proceed to do forearm only as their baseline? If the results are osteopenia, is that in the appropriate context accurate information for the clinician? - [Gender Identifications](https://iscd.org/answers/gender-identifications/) - I have a Lunar Prodigy DEXA . My question does not pertain to the actual machine. Recently I had a patient who was born male and identifies as female. This patient has had no surgeries to alter sex and the patient is not taking any hormones to alter body composition. In this case am I - [Opportunistic CT and supplementary DXA?](https://iscd.org/answers/opportunistic-ct-and-supplementary-dxa/) - 1. When using opportunistic CT assessment of osteoporosis, cut off 90HU at L1, should I get a DXA as baseline? 2. If L1 is in between 100&150, I also have to order a DXA to classify ? - [help, please re:body composition study](https://iscd.org/answers/help-please-rebody-composition-study/) - we have a new hologic horizon w DXA scanner, and it seems it was ordered with the ability to perform body composition/whole body studies. i was just handed one to read, and have no idea what needs to be included in the report (or do we simply send the images to the requesting physician)? - [is FRAX valid if patient has been on drug holiday?](https://iscd.org/answers/is-frax-valid-if-patient-has-been-on-drug-holiday/) - I understand that FRAX is not valid if patient is on antiresorptive treatment - but if they are on a drug holiday (and have been for years) is it a valid tool? I use Hologic Horizon W/ Bone station software- calculated FRAX is automatically entered into report - [my question is about steroid use and frax](https://iscd.org/answers/my-question-is-about-steroid-use-and-frax/) - in order to include glucocorticoids in a frax calculation, does the patient need to be on 3 CONSECUTIVE months of steroids or 3 months cumulatively? What is the minimum dose that should be considered to be included in a frax calculation? the frax calculation seems to be VERY affected by the inclusion of steroid use, - [Native Americans/ethnicity](https://iscd.org/answers/native-americansethnicity/) - How should Native Americans be entered for ethnicity for the most appropriate frax calculation? I have a GE Lunar and a Hologic - [Under what circumstances is a FRAX no longer valid for a patient?](https://iscd.org/answers/under-what-circumstances-is-a-frax-no-longer-valid-for-a-patient/) - [Atypical femur fracture](https://iscd.org/answers/atypical-femur-fracture/) - Patient with atypical femur fracture after 5 years of Prolia. Already had 2 years of Forteo. How best to proceed? - [Does metal outside ROI affect scan results?](https://iscd.org/answers/does-metal-outside-roi-affect-scan-results/) - We use a Hologic machine. Our PA's said that metal such as bra clips should be removed even if they are not in the ROI. My facility was just wondering the reasoning behind that. - [Which hip scan for DXA with patient for Scoliosis](https://iscd.org/answers/which-hip-scan-for-dxa-with-patient-for-scoliosis/) - Hi, My question is when scanning a hip do you scan the convex side where the curvature with Scoliosis is, or do you scan the opposite hip due to the fact the convex side would probably be a lower BMD? - [Patient on 10 years bisphosphonate, new TBS significantly better than density at all other sites.](https://iscd.org/answers/patient-on-10-years-bisphosphonate-new-tbs-significantly-better-than-density-at-all-other-sites/) - Frax still puts her at high risk for fracture and will optimally treat with anabolic. Why is there such a difference? Do we trust the TBS or rely more on the density? What impact has the bisphosphonate had on TBS? - [Hip replacement down to the knee?](https://iscd.org/answers/hip-replacement-down-to-the-knee/) - Hello, I work in research. I have studies that are bringing in participants with large amounts of hardware for total body scans. For example, the participant has a hip replacement that goes almost down to his knee from a prior fx. I know that this will keep the equipment algorithm from deciphering from bone and - [Shielding for children?](https://iscd.org/answers/shielding-for-children/) - Hello, I have The Hologic Horizon W at our research center. We do research in the imaging sciences. When doing pediatric patients, is it appropriate to shield if the area is not in the ROI? For example, should I shield a pediatric participant who is having a forearm scan? Should I shield the thyroid if - [Obese patient difficulty.](https://iscd.org/answers/obese-patient-difficulty/) - Hello, I want to first off thank ISCD for this "Ask an Expert" feature. It was this exact feature that made me want to buy a membership. =) I am a new DXA tech. I have been trained by Hologic, but I still have questions occasionally. What do I do if I am doing a - [What is the precision for decubites lateral and supine lateral on Hologic Horizon system.](https://iscd.org/answers/what-is-the-precision-for-decubites-lateral-and-supine-lateral-on-hologic-horizon-system/) - On the Hologic Horizon systems, what is the presicion for decubites lateral and supine lateral? I found conflicting information and just want to double check. - [Lumbar spine ROI and hardware](https://iscd.org/answers/lumbar-spine-roi-and-hardware/) - On an online ISCD course that I viewed, "Challenging DXA Cases", it was mentioned that if there is a significant amount of hardware in the spine ROI to reduce your global ROI box to include only evaluable vertebrae vs excluding them from your ROI. My understanding previously was to leave all vertebrae in ROI but - [New baseline](https://iscd.org/answers/new-baseline/) - Hologic Machine. When you have about 6 prior scans where you scanned L1-L4 however your most current scan you changed and now are only reading L1-3 and have updated it to the new baseline. Does this impact the previous rates of change at all. We still see the rates of change. How does this impact - [Should you or should you not exclude a vertebral body from Lspine scan](https://iscd.org/answers/should-you-or-should-you-not-exclude-a-vertebral-body-from-lspine-scan/) - I work on a Hologic QDR and Horizon APex . My question is a recent protocol was implemented as to not exclude vertebral bodies with patients with liver disease. I wanted to educate myself as to why you would or would not exclude a vertebral body. What is the benefit from not? Thank you - [Abdominal hernia mesh](https://iscd.org/answers/abdominal-hernia-mesh/) - When a patient has had abdominal hernia (mesh) surgery and you can see the faint shadows of the many metal clips in the abdomen on your scan, do you still use the spine for analyzing? We have GE Lunar equipment. The clips did not show up as artifacts. When using the "points" feature I did - [Proximal tibia and distal femur views for spinal cord injury patients](https://iscd.org/answers/proximal-tibia-and-distal-femur-views-for-spinal-cord-injury-patients/) - Per ISCD, it is recommended to scan total hip, proximal tibia and distal femur in spinal cord injury patients. My question is how do you perform this view, what do you scan it under because Hologic does not have an option for this area? Why should the spine not be performed in these patients? Secondly, - [Barium studies prior to DXA scan- how long?](https://iscd.org/answers/barium-studies-prior-to-dxa-scan-how-long/) - [When my iDXA does not apply bone margins to Lumbar spine, what do I do? Do I paint them in myself?](https://iscd.org/answers/when-my-idxa-does-not-apply-bone-margins-to-lumbar-spine-what-do-i-do-do-i-paint-them-in-myself/) - The patient has a lot of cartilage in thoracic area and bone margins are in thos area and the lumbar area has none. - [question about uninterpretable lumbar spine scans](https://iscd.org/answers/question-about-uninterpretable-lumbar-spine-scans/) - Once it is determined that a Lumbar spine scan is "uninterpretable" i.e. arthritic deposits, spinal surgery, what is the ISCDs stand on follow-up lumbar spine scans? My thought is, once it is diagnosed as uninterpretable on the DXA scan, we shouldn't continue to do follow up scans on the spine. Just document in the report - [SIX Vertebra](https://iscd.org/answers/six-vertebra/) - If a patient has SIX vertebra what ones are considered L1-L4? Do you count from the first that does not have a rib as L1 or from the bottom up? How does this impact comparing to her pears? - [When to answer yes to glucocorticoids in FRAX](https://iscd.org/answers/when-to-answer-yes-to-glucocorticoids-in-frax/) - 1) When answering questions for FRAX, do you say ‘yes’ to glucocorticoid use when the patient’s past long-term use was over 20 years ago even though it's been longer than the time it takes for the skeleton to replace itself? 2) Intravenous Solumedrol gives a massive glucocorticoid dose in a short period of time. Would - [how often should the phantom be scan? We use GE Lunar Prodigy!](https://iscd.org/answers/how-often-should-the-phantom-be-scan-we-use-ge-lunar-prodigy/) - [why upgrade the software for GE Lunar to include Orthopedic Hip, Advanced Body Comp, Hand and knees.](https://iscd.org/answers/why-upgrade-the-software-for-ge-lunar-to-include-orthopedic-hip-advanced-body-comp-hand-and-knees/) - I was wondering if you could help me obtain further info one the software for GE Lunar Orthopedic Hip, Advanced Body Comp, Hand and knees. We are trying to pitch a software upgrade to administration and need to know why theses types of scans would be helpful and the cost/ reimbursement for these scan types. - [What is the least interval acceptable between body composition measurements in athletes](https://iscd.org/answers/what-is-the-least-interval-acceptable-between-body-composition-measurements-in-athletes/) - Lunar DXA, Coaches keen to have more frequent assessments to asses impact of training program - [Precision assessment for forearm](https://iscd.org/answers/precision-assessment-for-forearm/) - Hi, I’m using Horizon, Hologic. Upon input of forearm precision, there is only one field for forearm radius 1/3, ulna and total. no field to input left / right or both forearms. My question: How to enter both left and right forearms precision for our centre? - [when to answer yes to a fracture in the FRAX](https://iscd.org/answers/when-to-answer-yes-to-a-fracture-in-the-frax/) - Want to find out when we are to answer yes to the fracture question as an adult - ISCD website states fracture after age 40 to exclude skull, hands and feet, but we say as an adult in clinic and an adult is over 18 thanks for any clarification - [my RT who does our dxa scans is pregnant. Should she wear a lead shield while scanning patients?](https://iscd.org/answers/my-rt-who-does-our-dxa-scans-is-pregnant-should-she-wear-a-lead-shield-while-scanning-patients/) - Hologic - [T-Score white female vs white male for results](https://iscd.org/answers/t-score-white-female-vs-white-male-for-results/) - Hologic QDR referring provider is asking us to make an addendum in regards to male DXA results to compare to a white female database? - [Should we require pregnancy tests prior to DXA scan?](https://iscd.org/answers/should-we-require-pregnancy-tests-prior-to-dxa-scan/) - Hello, My name is Maggie Cartwright and I work for Vanderbilt Institute of Imaging Science in Nashville, TN. We do primarily research in the medical and scientific community. I am helping develop a Bone Density Program that will be offered to the researchers in Nashville area. Our clientele includes children, teens, young adults, as well - [how to enter LSC for hologic?](https://iscd.org/answers/how-to-enter-lsc-for-hologic/) - did LSC w Hologic W and got a LSC of .021 g/cm squared at 95% confidence, when called Hologic applications said number to low? - [PATIENT HAS BEEN ON FOSAMAX FOR 5 YEARS.](https://iscd.org/answers/patient-has-been-on-fosamax-for-5-years/) - GE LUNAR EQUIPMENT. IF YOU COULD ONLY SCAN FOREARM OR BIL HIPS WHICH IS BEST FOR THE PATIENT. SHE IS WHEELCHAIR BOUND AND COULD RETURN ON STRETCHER IF HIPS ARE PREFERRED. - [Cross calibration and precision testing](https://iscd.org/answers/cross-calibration-and-precision-testing/) - On the cross calibration, we are going from a Lunar Prodigy to a Lunar IDexa. Are we able to do the 10 phantom spines on the and and then the new to complete cross calibration? If not, would we need to scan 30 patients twice on the Lunar Prodigy and then once on the IDexa? - [when approximately will official positions recommend MS and DM choices equal to weight of RA](https://iscd.org/answers/when-approximately-will-official-positions-recommend-ms-and-dm-choices-equal-to-weight-of-ra/) - [Scan mode and trending](https://iscd.org/answers/scan-mode-and-trending-2/) - Recently a question was asked regarding change in scan mode from previous to current year not allowing for accurate trending. Could you elaborate as to why? Doesn’t the software compensate for the changes? GE Lunar /Prodigy - [scan mode and trending](https://iscd.org/answers/scan-mode-and-trending/) - Hello, thank you for answering this question ahead of time. My basic question is should we report trend (change based on LSC) if current year's DXA is done in a different scan mode compared to a previous year scan, using same machine? Should trend be even reported when scan modes differ? If reporting the change - [Data on use of PTH analogs in patients with prior XRT.](https://iscd.org/answers/data-on-use-of-pth-analogs-in-patients-with-prior-xrt/) - Any real word data for osteosarcoma causality. I have Patient who has no other options for tx. Thanks. - [Hip BMD in pediatric patients](https://iscd.org/answers/hip-bmd-in-pediatric-patients/) - In the pediatric population is it appropriate to do a DEXA on a hip that is subluxed? What about dislocated? - [Is Prolia suitable tratment for 33 y old F patient with fragility fracture on L4 Zscore-3 SD](https://iscd.org/answers/is-prolia-suitable-tratment-for-33-y-old-f-patient-with-fragility-fracture-on-l4-zscore-3-sd/) - [Avascular necrosis of the jaw risk](https://iscd.org/answers/avascular-necrosis-of-the-jaw-risk/) - How might risk change in a patient with history of very extensive jaw reconstructed surgery When looking at treating osteoporosis? - [Array/fast array vs express scanning](https://iscd.org/answers/arrayfast-array-vs-express-scanning/) - What would be the downfall of changing a returning patient that has been scanned on array/fast array to express on their future scans? Does it drastically change the outcome of their scan? - [HYPERPARATHYROIDISM CALCUATION ON THE 1/3 RADIUS ITSELF OR DO WE NEED TODO THE 1/3 RADIUS PLUS ULNA](https://iscd.org/answers/hyperparathyroidism-calcuation-on-the-13-radius-itself-or-do-we-need-todo-the-13-radius-plus-ulna/) - WHY IS IT NECESSARY TO DO JUST /13 RADIUS VERSES RADIUS AND ULNA ITSELF OR DO WE NEED TO DO BOTH ULNA PLUS 1/3 RADIUS. - [Trabecular Bone Score](https://iscd.org/answers/trabecular-bone-score/) - I was wondering where I can obtain information on TBS with DXA with FRAX. I have been getting marketers sending information about software updates with TBS - [where to analyze when 11 ribs and 6 lumbar type vertebra and 12 ribs and 6 lumbar type vertebra](https://iscd.org/answers/where-to-analyze-when-11-ribs-and-6-lumbar-type-vertebra-and-12-ribs-and-6-lumbar-type-vertebra/) - Hello wondering where to place to the levels in these two situations to analyze the lumbar spine. 11 ribs so 11 thoracic vertebra and 6 lumbar type vertebra? 12 ribs so 12 thoracic vertebra and 6 lumbar type vertebra? - [WHat are reasons for high BMD](https://iscd.org/answers/what-are-reasons-for-high-bmd/) - I have a BMD on a 68 year old female. T-score hip is 3.1 and z-score 3.9. Spine t-score 9.0 and z-score 9.9. TBS is 1.509. There is no evidence of scoliosis on the lumbar spine. Other images in the system show arthritis at the shoulders and the hips. Is this all explained by arthritis - [Spine Stimulator](https://iscd.org/answers/spine-stimulator/) - How does a Spine Stimulator affect the interpretation of the spine report? - [When calculating FRAX, use lowest or mean femoral neck BMD?](https://iscd.org/answers/when-calculating-frax-use-lowest-or-mean-femoral-neck-bmd/) - Aware there should be concordance overall between the left and fight femoral neck... - [Pediatric DXA analysis](https://iscd.org/answers/pediatric-dxa-analysis/) - Thank you for your assistance I have a DXA with scoliosis rod from L3 to T2. The lumbar spine is nonreportable with the Ge lunar due to hardware. The Total gives a Z score however the TBLH is N/A with the results ? should I just use the total for value and email the Radiologist - [ERT](https://iscd.org/answers/ert/) - Are ERT creams and suppositories included with oral form of ERT as "treatments". This affects the decision to perform a FRAX. - [GE (DPX-iQ system) data collected in 2014 with no T-score results, etc.!](https://iscd.org/answers/ge-dpx-iq-system-data-collected-in-2014-with-no-t-score-results-etc/) - Our team is working on a GE (DPX-iQ system) data collected in 2014. There is no T-score, no way of adjusting the image contrast, and no option for printing a result PDF (pc is not connected to an actual printer as initial DXA machine was using windows 98). Is there a way to fix any - [Does the ROI have to match exactly for comparison studies of the hip?](https://iscd.org/answers/does-the-roi-have-to-match-exactly-for-comparison-studies-of-the-hip/) - [hologic array switching](https://iscd.org/answers/hologic-array-switching/) - Is it advised to switch between array and fast array depending on body habitus or better to leave on fast array all the time? My default practice has been to leave on fast array all the time to limit negative impact on precision. - [What is the Suggested Scan Mode?](https://iscd.org/answers/what-is-the-suggested-scan-mode/) - A patient has previously been scanned on a Hologic DXA with Express Fan 4500 as the scan mode. On the most recent visit, the patient was heavier and the EET was high (>11). The scan image was not clear. Can the scan mode be changed to produce a better scan? If so, what scan mode - [Calculating group LSC](https://iscd.org/answers/calculating-group-lsc/) - Can you please give me a refresher on how to calculate group LSC(we have 8 techs that have completed their precision) - [Cross calibration](https://iscd.org/answers/cross-calibration/) - Good afternoon, We are getting a new densitometer installed to replace the existing one. We do not have LSC on the current scanner. Would it help to get cross calibration when we are in process of getting the new one? Would there be a way to use the existing data for comparison for patients who - [Medicare Females the Z78.0 is rejected by Medicare how can I find Medicare codes](https://iscd.org/answers/medicare-females-the-z78-0-is-rejected-by-medicare-how-can-i-find-medicare-codes/) - [dexa had forearm show osteoporosis and LS normal and hip osteopenic, patient osteoporotic?](https://iscd.org/answers/dexa-had-forearm-show-osteoporosis-and-ls-normal-and-hip-osteopenic-patient-osteoporotic/) - I believe this was the case in Seattle zoom conference but not stated in position statement of ISCD. - [How does one incorporate TBS into a DXA report?](https://iscd.org/answers/how-does-one-incorporate-tbs-into-a-dxa-report/) - Our new equipment has TBS available. I can not find a template for reporting with recommended verbiage. How are you incorporating TBS into your DXA reports? - [Cross-calibration: Hologic (Same make and model)](https://iscd.org/answers/cross-calibration-hologic-same-make-and-model/) - Hi Sir/Madam, I would like to ask about the following part in ISCD Official Position: Cross-Calibration of DXA: Adding Hardware or Systems. We are attempting the cross-calibration but we encountered some doubts and hope to seek clarification and guidance on the methodology and including it in our periodic QA assessment. 1. I was being shared - [Do you have an age protocol to using the PEDS setting?](https://iscd.org/answers/do-you-have-an-age-protocol-to-using-the-peds-setting/) - Currently we have a protocol of age 19 and under we only do lumbar spine and use PEDS settings until age 20. Not sure where this protocol came from so its a little of a gray area for us. - [COMPUTER GENREATED DEXA REPORTS](https://iscd.org/answers/computer-genreated-dexa-reports/) - LOOKING FOR AN ANSWER IN REGARDS TO THE COMPUTER GENERATED REPORT BE SIGNED OFF BY AN ISCD LICENSED TECHNOLOGIST WITH NAME ON THE REPORT ALONG WITH THE RADIOLOGIST. - [30 yr old pt with a z and a t score of -1.6 the](https://iscd.org/answers/30-yr-old-pt-with-a-z-and-a-t-score-of-1-6-the/) - pt's dr is asking why -1.6 both t and z score and impression and report states bone mass with in expected limits--plese explain so i may explain to the pt's doctor. ## Upcoming Events - [Test Event](https://iscd.org/upcoming-events/test-event/) ## DXAAtlas - [Beyond Hyperdensity: Identifying Rare Hypodense Artifacts in Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/beyond-hyperdensity-identifying-rare-hypodense-artifacts-in-dual-energy-x-ray-absorptiometry-dxa/) - Beyond Hyperdensity: Identifying Rare Hypodense Artifacts in Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) DXA imaging of the lumbar spine revealed a focal hypodense artifact over L1 Recent CT imaging showed hypodense artefact over L1 on DXA image as a platinum-containing stent placed for a gastroduodenal artery aneurysm at L1 level The Z-score with L1 excluded - [Hologic Right Forearm Scan with a Watch Artifact](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/hologic-right-forearm-scan-with-a-watch-artifact/) - Hologic Right Forearm Scan with a Watch Artifact The left side shows the Hologic right forearm scan without the watch and the right side shows the scan with the watch present. Note the difference in reported BMD at the 1/3 radius. Case Description: The images show a supine Hologic right forearm scan without - [Inaccurately Elevated T-scores on DXA Scans in a Patient with Metastatic Prostate Cancer](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/inaccurately-elevated-t-scores-on-dxa-scans-in-a-patient-with-metastatic-prostate-cancer/) - Inaccurately Elevated T-scores on DXA Scans in a Patient with Metastatic Prostate Cancer This image shows DXA of the left hip. The left total hip bone mineral density is 1.316 grams per square centimeter, with elevated T-score of 3.1. There are diffuse heterogeneous sclerotic changes. This table summarizes the results of DXA of the - [Black Hole Artifacts - Surgical Clips](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/black-hole-artifacts-surgical-clips/) - Black Hole Artifacts – Surgical Clips A dual-energy Hologic lumbar spine scan and the analagous VFA images which are single-energy. There are clips overlying L2 and L3. Various types of surgical clips viewed in both single and dual energy. Stainless steel and titanium clips are white in both single and dual energy. Tantalum - [Abduction Position at Hip Influences Femoral Neck (FN) BMD?](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/abduction-position-at-hip-influences-femoral-neck-fn-bmd/) - Abduction Position at Hip Influences Femoral Neck (FN) BMD? L Hip DXA – Excessive Abduction Repeat L Hip DXA – Better Position, FN BMD Drops Case Description: This is a routine screening DXA in 70 y.o. male. The first image shows excessive abduction at L hip. The FN BMD is 0.617 gm/cm2. The - [DXA Interpreters Can Suspect Forearm “Slot Error” by Evaluating Tissue Thickness Measurement](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/dxa-interpreters-can-suspect-forearm-slot-error-by-evaluating-tissue-thickness-measurement/) - DXA Interpreters Can Suspect Forearm “Slot Error” by Evaluating Tissue Thickness Measurement Figure 1: Current and Prior Spine and Hip DXA Documenting No BMD Change Figure 3: Current and Prior Forearm DXA (Soft tissue point-typing view) Demonstrating Differences in Soft-tissue Identification Figure 2: Current and Prior Forearm DXA (Bone view) Demonstrating BMD - [A Case Report: Rare Cause of Recurrent Fragility Fracture in an Older Adult-Osteopetrosis](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/a-case-report-rare-cause-of-recurrent-fragility-fracture-in-an-older-adult-osteopetrosis/) - A Case Report: Rare Cause of Recurrent Fragility Fracture in an Older Adult-Osteopetrosis Image 1: Spine DXA (Hologic) Image 3: Forearm DXA (Hologic) Image 2:Hip DXA (Hologic) Image 4: Left Femur X-ray Image 5: Chest X-ray Image 6: Thoracolumbar X-rays Case Description: Case Report A 68-year-old Malay woman, postmenopausal since age 40, had - [improper distal forearm scan acquisition](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/improper-distal-forearm-scan-acquisition/) - Improper Forearm Acquisition Figure 1: Original DXA scan results from another facility. Figure 2: Repeat DXA of the forearm at our facility. Case Description: The patient underwent a DXA scan of the left forearm on a Hologic scanner, and there was a large discordance in T-scores between regions (Figure 1). Review of the image revealed - [High bone density in woman with mastocytosis](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/high-bone-density-in-woman-with-mastocytosis/) - High bone density in woman with mastocytosis Diffuse increase in bone density L1-L4 with Z-score of 5.2 Increase in bone density at the left total hip with Z-score of 3.2 Case Description: 42 y old woman with longstanding mastocytosis, comorbidity of papillary thyroid Cancer (pT3,pN1b,Mx). Patient has presented with skin rash and flushing in 2014. - [Bone Densitometry study in patient with metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/bone-densitometry-study-in-patient-with-metastatic-hormone-sensitive-prostate-cancer/) - Bone Densitometry study in patient with metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer Bone density analysis of the lumbar spine (L1 to L4) Bone density analysis of the left forearm Bone density analysis of the left hip Whole body bone scintigraphy Abdomen and pelvic CT scan, coronal image in bone window Abdomen and - [Can This Spine be Used for Diagnosis?](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/can-this-spine-be-used-for-diagnosis/) - Can this spine be used in diagnosis? AP spine Density Case Description: This is a GE Lunar Prodigy AP spine scan with L2 and L3 excluded due to differences in T-scores. Because of the degenerative changes present in the spine, this spine is not useful for diagnosis and followup. The hip site would be used - [Edge Detection, Scoliosis](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/edge-detection-scoliosis/) - Edge Detection, Scoliosis Edge detection, scoliosis Case Description: A patient with severe scoliosis had DXA performed as part of spine surgery planning. The DXA report listed a lowest T-score of -5.2 in the L1-L4 ROI. Otherwise, the lowest T-score of the hip regions was -1.4. Spine surgery was delayed until the patient could - [Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebra, A case of four and one half lumbar vertebrae](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/lumbosacral-transitional-vertebra-a-case-of-four-and-one-half-lumbar-vertebrae/) - Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebra, A case of four and one half lumbar vertebrae DXA scan of the lumbar spine. Hologic Horizon-A, Ver 5.3.1.2 software. Array mode. There appears to be an articulation between the left transverse process of L5 and the sacrum. Cropped image taken from an older radiograph of the pelvic in this same patient, - [Incorrect Forearm Positioning GE](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/incorrect-forearm-positioning-ge/) - Incorrect Forearm Positioning on a GE Healthcare Scanner Incorrect positioning of a Forearm on a GE Healthcare Scanner Case Description: Incorrect Forearm Positioning GE. Ulna and radius should be centered and straight. The palm should be facing down. This image shows the radius and ulna overlapping. Credit: Lee Day, MD, CCD University of South Carolina - [Discordant Left-Right Hip Change in Osteoarthritis](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/discordant-left-right-hip-change-in-osteoarthritis/) - Discordant Left-Right Hip Change in Osteoarthritis The left and right femoral neck BMD differ from one another significantly. Although there is no established cut-point for when this discordance should be considered unusual, this difference is nearly 2 standard deviations. The right femur BMD is unreliable since it is based on abnormal anatomy resulting - [GE-Lunar Short Femoral Neck ROI Placement Challenges](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/ge-lunar-short-femoral-neck-roi-placement-challenges/) - GE-Lunar Short Femoral Neck ROI Placement Challenges Keep the femoral neck ROI box from overlying the brighter whiter spot in the pelvis near the bottom of the femoral head identified by the blue circle in this image. Two different placements of the neck rectangle for the same scan are shown here. When placed - [Rare GE-Lunar 4% fat, soft tissue detection failure resulting in the false appearance of extraordinarily low BMD](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/rare-ge-lunar-4-fat-soft-tissue-detection-failure-resulting-in-the-false-appearance-of-extraordinarily-low-bmd/) - Rare GE-Lunar 4% fat, soft tissue detection failure resulting in the false appearance of extraordinarily low BMD A 68 y.o. female had two spine DXA scans on the same day. Both images and analysis visually look the same, but the BMD increased by more than 100%. In GE-Lunar’s enCORE software, %fat can be - [Pacemaker](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/pacemaker-2/) - Pacemaker DXA report Chest X-ray Case Description: This lumbar spine DXA scan shows an artifact over the L1 vertebral body. After careful assessment of the DXA image, a pacemaker was identified and confirmed with evaluation of the prior chest x-ray images. BMD was measured in a male patient, as part of comprehensive follow-up - [Wrong Ethnicity in Analysis of a DXA Scan](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/wrong-ethnicity-in-analysis-of-a-dxa-scan/) - Wrong Ethnicity in Analysis of a DXA Scan The is the Hologic lumbar spine DXA scan from a Black female. The scan was initially incorrectly analyzed as a White female initially. The corrected analysis is on the left. Per the ISCD Consensus Conference Guidelines, the T-score is compared to a White female for - [Incorrect Size of Lumbar Spine Region of Interest on A Hologic Lumbar Spine Scan](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/incorrect-size-of-lumbar-spine-region-of-interest-on-a-hologic-lumbar-spine-scan/) - Incorrect Size of Lumbar Spine Region of Interest on A Hologic Lumbar Spine Scan The default width of the lumbar spine region of interest is 116 pixels wide on a Hologic scan. The analysis shown on the left has the width at 114 pixels. The analysis on the right shows the corrected data - [Chronic Malunited Left Subcapital Femoral Fracture](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/chronic-malunited-left-subcapital-femoral-fracture/) - Chronic Malunited Left Subcapital Femoral Fracture This image shows a left chronic malunited left subcpaital femoral fracture. Because of the presence of fracture, the right hip was scanned. Case Description: This left proximal Hologic femur scan shows a chronic malunited left subcapital femoral fracture with remodeling of the left lateral acetabulum. Credit: Sarah - [Capturing BMD of the Distal Femur and Proximal Tibia utilizing GE Orthopedic Knee Software](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/capturing-bmd-of-the-distal-femur-and-proximal-tibia-utilizing-ge-orthopedic-knee-software/) - Capturing BMD of the Distal Femur and Proximal Tibia utilizing GE Orthopedic Knee Software Acquisition Image to Capture BMD of the Distal Femur and Proximal Tibia utilizing GE Orthopedic Knee Software (Shields et al. 2005) Table from Custom ROI Analysis to Capture BMD of the Distal Femur and Proximal Tibia Case Description: Knee - [Elevated Bone Mineral Density](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/elevated-bone-mineral-density-2/) - Elevated Bone Mineral Density This Hologic DXA scan shows Z-scores >= 2.5 at both the lumbar spine and both the femoral neck and total hip. There are degenerative changes obvious in the lumbar spine. Case Description: There is currently no consensus about the definition of elevated bone mineral density. A review by Dr. - [Laminectomy and Spinal Hardware](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/laminectomy-and-spinal-hardware/) - Laminectomy and Spinal Hardware This AP Hologic spine DXA shows spinal hardware and laminectomy. Laminectomy would lower bone mineral density (along with lytic metastatic lesions). Case Description: This AP Hologic spine DXA shows spinal hardware and laminectomy. The spine would not be useable for diagnosis or follow-up and a forearm scan should be - [BONE DENSITOMETRY SHOWING ARTIFACT CAUSED BY A CALCIFIED SPLEEN IN PATIENT WITH SICKLE CELL ANEMIA](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/bone-densitometry-showing-artifact-caused-by-a-calcified-spleen-in-patient-with-sickle-cell-anemia/) - BONE DENSITOMETRY SHOWING ARTIFACT CAUSED BY CALCIFIED SPLEEN IN PATIENT WITH SICKLE CELL ANEMIA Whole Body Composition Anterior. Digital Vertebral morphometry – impacting artifact produced by the projection of the calcified spleen at the level of the eighth and ninth thoracic vertebra. Whole Body Composition Posterior. Bone Scintigraphy. Spect-CT on bone scintigraphy Lumbar - [Normal Anterior-Posterior (AP) Lumbar Spine Scan from a GE iDXA Densitometer](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/normal-anterior-posterior-ap-lumbar-spine-scan-from-a-ge-idxa-densitometer/) - Normal Anterior-Posterior (AP) Lumbar Spine Scan from a GE iDXA Densitometer Image of a normal anterior-posterior (AP) lumbar spine scan Densitometry BMD table from a normal anterior-posterior (AP) lumbar spine scan Case Description: Normal AP lumbar spine scan in a 44-year-old healthy caucasian woman using a GE iDXA densitometer. Densitometry criteria: • Correct - [Normal Left Proximal Femur Scan from a GE iDXA Densitometer](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/normal-left-proximal-femur-scan-from-a-ge-idxa-densitometer/) - Normal Left Proximal Femur Scan from a GE iDXA Densitometer Image of a Normal Left Proximal Femur DXA Scan Densitometry BMD/T-score Reference Graph Case Description: Normal left proximal femur scan from a GE iDXA densitometer from a 38-year-old, healthy, caucasian man. Note: The shaft of the femur is straight, the hip is internally - [Bullets](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/bullets/) - Bullets There are bullets, which are black hole artifacts over L3 and L4. Because the internal artifacts overly bone, they are removed from analysis. Case Description: There are bullets overlying L3 and L4. The bullets are made of lead and in the dual-energy mode they appear black and are called black hole artifacts. - [Normal GE Spine Analysis](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/normal-ge-spine-analysis/) - Normal GE Spine Analysis This image shows a normal GE lumbar spine scan. Case Description: Notice that the patient is centered on the table with minimal rotation. Assess the following items: P = Positioning A = Presence of artifacts R = Regions of Interest Correct E = Is Edge detection Correct? D = Is the - [GE Normal Hip](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/ge-normal-hip/) - GE Normal Hip Case Description: Standard hip view with GE Credit: Bobo Tanner, MD, CCD Vanderbilt University References: - [Normal 33% radius GE](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/normal-33-radius-ge/) - Normal 33% radius GE GE normal 33% radius Case Description: 57 yo post menopausal female, DJD spine, normal 33% radius Credit: Bobo Tanner Vanderbilt University Medical Center References: - [Dexcon Glucose Monitor](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/dexcon-glucose-monitor/) - Dexcon Glucose Monitor There is a Dexcon glucose monitor partially overlying L4; therefore L4 is omitted from analysis. There are also degenerative changes seen in the spine that will tend to overestimate the bone mineral density in the lumbar spine. Case Description: This external artifact is a Dexcon glucose monitor that is partially - [Normal Hologic Hip Scan](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/normal-hologic-hip-scan/) - Normal Hologic Hip Scan The is an image of a normal left Hologic proximal femur scan. This image shows the femoral neck box and the femoral neck region of interest. The shaft of the femur should be straight and the hip should be internally rotated. The image shows the total hip region - [Normal Hologic Spine Scan](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/normal-hologic-spine-scan/) - Normal Hologic Spine Scan This image shows a normal Hologic spine scan. The patient should be in the center of the table with approximately equal amounts of soft tissue on each side. An upper vertebra with ribs and the iliac rest should be included in the scan to help with determination of vertebral - [Black Hole Artifact Over L4](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/black-hole-artifact-over-l4/) - Black Hole Artifact Over L4 There is a black hole artifact over L4, therefore it was omitted from analysis. There are black hole-type artifacts over L4 and in the soft tissue. This radiograph shows the tantalum clips overlying L4 that are responsible for the black hole artifact on the Hologic lumbar spine scan. Case Description: - [Incorrect Femoral Neck Positioning and Analysis/Hologic](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/incorrect-femoral-neck-positioning-and-analysis-hologic/) - Incorrect Femoral Neck Positioning/Hologic In this Hologic left hip analysis the placement of the femoral neck box is incorrect. The femoral neck box contains a small portion of the greater trochanter. This is the corrected analysis with the femoral neck box now anchored to the greater trochanter. Case Description: In a Hologic hip - [Femoral Neck Box Incorrectly Positioned/ Hologic](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/femoral-neck-box-incorrectly-positioned-hologic/) - Femoral Neck Box Incorrectly Positioned/ Hologic In this Hologic left hip scan,, the femoral neck is not anchored to the greater trochanter. This is the corrected Hologic, left hip scan. Case Description: In Hologic analysis, the femoral neck should be anchored to the greater trochanter. In the image on the left, the femoral - [Incorrect Wrist Analysis/ Incorrect Edge Detection](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/incorrect-wrist-analysis-incorrect-edge-detection/) - Incorrect Wrist Analysis/ Incorrect Edge Detection This Hologic left wrist scan shows incorrect edge detection because of the presence of an artifact. This is the corrected wrist scan with the edge detection corrected. This is the Hologic undo view. It can be seen that the artifact is recognized by the software and would - [Transgender](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/transgender/) - Transgender Analysis This Hologic lumbar spine DXA is from a male to female transgender individual. The data were reported as female. Case Description: This is a transgender male to female. This individual was reported out as a female and the physician did not request an alternate analysis. The ISCD consensus guidelines are pasted in below - [Burst Fracture of L3](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/burst-fracture-of-l3/) - Burst Fracture of L3 There is a compression fracture at L3 on this Hologic lumbar spine DXA scan. L3 was removed from analysis. This is the accompanying radiograph showing the compression fracture at L3. Case Description: The Hologic DXA scan shows a compression fracture at L3. The accompanying lateral radiograph shows a L3 - [5 Lumbar Vertebral Bodies with Lowest Ribs on T11 vs. 6 Lumbar Vertebral Bodies](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/5-lumbar-vertebral-bodies-with-lowest-ribs-on-t11-vs-6-lumbar-vertebral-bodies/) - 5 Lumbar Vertebral Bodies with Lowest Ribs on T11 vs. 6 Lumbar Vertebral Bodies This Hologic DXA scan shows 6 lumbar vertebral bodies vs 5 lumbar vertebral bodies with the lowest ribs on T11. Case Description: This Hologic lumbar spine DXA shows either 6 lumbar vertebral bodies, vs 5 lumbar vertebral bodies with - [Calcifications in the Soft Tissue Projecting over the Left Hip](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/calcifications-in-the-soft-tissue-projecting-over-the-left-hip/) - Calcifications in the Soft Tissue Projecting over the Left Hip There are calcifications that project over the left intertrochanteric region of the hip on the Hologic left hip scan. This plain radiograph also shows the calcifications. From other radiographs available, it was determined that the calcifications were in the soft tissue and projected - [Common Iliac Stents](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/common-iliac-stent/) - Common Iliac Stents Common iliac stents are present. There is discorance in the bone mineral density, with the bone density of L4 being increased because of the overlying artifact. Common iliac stents are present. L4 is removed from analysis. This is the accompanying lateral radiograph showing the iliac stents. Case Description: The Hologic lumbar spine - [Left Femoral Stent/Graft](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/left-femoral-stent-graft/) - Left Femoral Stent/Graft There is a left femoral stent/graft seen on the left Hologic hip scan. The accompanying radiograph shows the stent/graft. Case Description: There is a left femoral stent/graft seen on the left hip DXA. The accompanying radiograph also demonstrates the stent/graft. The stent/graft would be removed by the software from the soft tissue - [Long Femur Scan](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/long-femur-scan/) - Long Femur Scan This image shows a Hologic left hip DXA scan. . This image shows a scan with an extended length of hip scan, done on the same patient within minutes after the scan on the left. There is not a difference in bone mineral density between the nonextended and extended hip - [Incorrect Hologic Hip Analysis](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/incorrect-hologic-hip-analysis-2/) - Incorrect Hologic Hip Analysis This panel shows incorrect analysis of a Hologic left hip scan. The femoral neck box is not anchored to the greater trochanter and the global region of interest is incorrectly placed. This is the corrected Hologic left hip analysis. This figure diagrams the correct placement of the femoral neck - [Incorrect Hologic Femoral Neck Box Width](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/incorrect-hologic-femoral-neck-box-width/) - Incorrect Hologic Femoral Neck Box Width The right Hologic femoral neck box width is incorret in this analysis. The default width is 15 pixels. The right Hologic femoral neck box width has been corrected in this analysis. The default width is 15 pixels. Case Description: The femoral neck box is incorrect in the - [Incorrect Spine Analysis](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/incorrect-spine-analysis/) - Incorrect Spine Analysis On this Hologic spine image thee are 2 vertebral bodies in what is marked as L3. What is marked as L4 is the sacrum. This is the repeat Hologic lumbar spine at our clinic. The bone mineral density is within the expected range for age. Case Description: This is a - [Incorrect Spine and Hip Analysis](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/incorrect-spine-and-hip-analysis/) - Incorrect Spine and Hip Analysis There are errors in positioning, analysis, and reporting of these scans. Case Description: These are the images that a 75-year-old Caucasian female brought to the office (they are faxed and are of poor resolution). There are errors in positioning, analysis, and reporting. The lumbar spine default in Hologic - [Incorrect GE Hip Analysis](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/incorrect-hip-analysis/) - Incorrect GE Hip Analysis In this left hip scan, the scan did not go down far enough into the femoral shaft, therefore the total hip region of interest is incorrect. Case Description: In this GE Healthcare scan of the left hip, the scan did not go down far enough in the femoral shaft. The region - [Incorrect Hip Analysis](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/incorrect-hip-analysis-2/) - Incorrect Hip Analysis In this GE Healthcare scan the right hip is incorrectly analyzed. It is also difficult to tell if the left ischium has been removed from the left femoral neck box. Case Description: In this GE Healthcare hip scan, the hip region of interest is incorrectly placed in the right hip. The femoral - [FRAX Does Not Calculate](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/frax-does-not-calculate/) - FRAX Does Not Calculate In this Hologic hip scan the height and weight were flipped. Therefore FRAX did not calculate. This is the corrected scan with the heigh and weight correctly entered. FRAX now calculates. Case Description: In the top panel is a Hologic hip scan. Notice in the demographics that the height - [DXA Report Problems](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/dxa-report-problems/) - DXA Report Problems This DXA report does not contain many recommended elements for a DXA report. A range of T-scores should not be reported. There should only be one DXA diagnosis. There is not a category of “borderline osteoporosis”. While interval changes are reported, there is no information from the facility’s short term - [Incorrect Hologic Hip Analysis](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/incorrect-hologic-hip-analysis/) - Incorrect Hologic Hip Analysis This image shows a Hologic scan from an outside facility. The femoral neck box is incorrectly placed and the hip global region of interest is incorrectly placed. The diagnosis on this scan is osteopenia and by FRAX there is not an indication to treat. This is a scan from our facility - [Incorrect Wrist Scan Analysis](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/incorrect-wrist-scan-analysis/) - Incorrect Wrist Scan Analysis In this GE Healthcare wrist scan, the region of interest scanned is incorrect. Case Description: In this GE Healthcare wrist scan, the hand is being scanned instead of the forearm. Credit: Sarah L Morgan, MD, RD, CCD, The University of Alabama at Birmingham References: Watts, N.B., Fundamentals and pitfalls of bone - [DXA Reporting Issue](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/dxa-reporting-issue/) - DXA Reporting Issue This DXA report indicates that the patient could either have normal bone density, osteopenia, or osteoporosis. Case Description: This DXA report indicates that the patient could have either the diagnosis of normal bone density, osteopenia or osteoporosis. There are no categories for mild osteopenia or more severe osteopenia. There should only be - [Database/ Gender /Z-score issue](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/database-gender-z-score-issue/) - Database/ Gender/ Z-score issue In the left panel a White 66 year old male is scanned first as a female. In the right panel the male is scanned as a male. The Z-scores are lower with a switch to a male database. The T-score did not change since in both cases the individual is compared - [Database /Ethnicity/ T-score](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/database-ethnicity-t-score/) - Database /Ethnicity/ T-score For a Black female, the T-score should be analyzed against a female White database, per the ISCD consensus guidelines. The Z-score is correctly compared to a Black female. Case Description: This scan is from a postmenopausal Black female. Instead of the T-score being reported against a female Caucasian database as recommended by - [Database/ Ethnicity/ Z-score](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/database-ethnicity-z-score/) - Database/ Ethnicity/ Z-score This is an African American postmenopausal female analyzed as White instead of Black. The right panel shows the corrected scan. The Z-scores are affected and in this case the z-score is lower than when the individual is analyzed as White. Case Description: This is an African-American female who had a spine scan. - [Femoral Head is Not Outlined/ Hip Edge Detection Issues](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/femoral-head-is-not-outlined-hip-edge-detection-issues/) - Femoral Head is Not Outlined/ Hip Edge Detection Issues On the left the femoral head is not outlined. In the right panel the femoral head is outlined. Case Description: The inclusion of the femoral head helps the analysis algorithm to correctly identify the midline placement, and other regions are placed based on the - [Spine Edge Detection Problem](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/spine-edge-detection-problem/) - Spine Edge Detection Problem This patient has low bone mineral density. In the left panel there is a problem with the edge detection in L2 and L3. The right panel shows the corrected scan. Case Description: In the left panel, there is a problem with edge detection in the lumbar spine, particularly along - [Edge Detection Problem in the Lumbar Spine](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/edge-detection-problem-in-the-lumbar-spine/) - Edge Detection Problem in the Lumbar Spine Because of the presence of radiographic contrast, there is a problem with the edge detection algorithm in the lumbar spine. Case Description: Because of the presence of radiographic contrast, there are problems with the edge detection algorithm in the lumbar spine. It will be necessary to clean out - [Poor Spine Edge Detection](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/poor-spine-edge-detection/) - Poor Spine Edge Detection There is poor edge detection on this Hologic lumbar spine scan. Edge detection is one of the technical aspects that should be scrutinized on each DXA scan. Case Description: There is poor edge detection on this Hologic lumbar spine scan. This may occur in individuals with very low bone - [Incorrect Femoral Neck Box Size](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/incorrect-femoral-neck-box-size/) - Incorrect Femoral Neck Box Size The default size of the femoral neck box on a Hologic scan is 49 x 15 pixels. The arrows point to the place in the Hologic printout which documents the size of the femoral neck box. Case Description: The left panel shows a Hologic hip scan with an - [Femoral Neck Size Different Between Baseline and Follow-up Scan](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/femoral-neck-size-different-between-baseline-and-follow-up-scan/) - Femoral Neck Size Different Between Baseline and Follow-up Scan This is an outside facility scan. On the baseline scan the femoral neck box is 15 pixels wide. On the follow-up scan, the femoral neck box is much narrower and is not the Hologic default of 15 pixels wide Case Description: The left panel - [Follow-up Hip Scan with the Lesser Trochanter Incompletely Outlined](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/follow-up-hip-scan-with-the-lesser-trochanter-incompletely-outlined/) - Follow-up Hip Scan with the Lesser Trochanter Incompletely Outlined The left panel shows the baseline scan and the right panel shows the follow up scan with the lesser trochanter not outlined. This panel shows the corrected scan with the ischium deleted in approximately the same way and the lesser trochanter is now outlined. - [Wrong Hologic Total Hip Global Region of Interest Size on Follow-up](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/wrong-hologic-total-hip-global-region-of-interest-size-on-follow-up/) - Wrong Hologic Total Hip Global Region of Interest Size on Follow-up The upper left panel has the baseline scan. In the upper right panel the size of the hip global region of interest is not the same. On a Hologic scan, the size of the hip global region of interest, as well as - [Follow-up Differences in Hip Global Region of Interest](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/follow-up-differences-in-hip-global-region-of-interest/) - Follow-up Differences in Hip Global Region of Interest This panel shows the baseline and follow-up scan where the hip global region of interest is not the same as baseline This panel shows the corrected follow-up scan, where the hip global region of interest size is now the same as baseline. Using the 95% confidence interval - [Difference in Spinal Levels on Follow-up Scan](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/difference-in-spinal-levels-on-follow-up-scan/) - Difference in Spinal Levels on Follow-up Scan This panel shows the baseline and follow-up scan. The L4-L5 interspace is marked by the iliac crest and the first vertebral body above the pelvis is L5 on the baseline scan. The follow-up scan does not scan the same vertebral bodies. The panel shows the corrected - [Change of Size of Lumbar Spine Region of Interest Over Time](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/change-of-size-of-lumbar-spine-region-of-interest-over-time/) - Change of Size of Lumbar Spine Region of Interest Over Time This is the baseline scan. The size of the spine region of interest is 116 x 138 pixels This is the follow-up scan 12 years later. There are more degenerative changes and the size of the spine global region of interest is - [Differences in Spine Region of Interest Size Over Time](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/differences-in-spine-region-of-interest-size-over-time/) - Differences in Spine Region of Interest Size Over Time This is the baseline scan. There are degenerative changes the the Z-score is elevated (see Whyte reference). This is the follow up scan. The length of the region of interest is smaller than the baseline by 5 pixels. Case Description: There can be increased degenerative changes - [Scan Mode](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/scan-mode/) - Scan Mode This panel shows the results of the same patient scanned in both fast and fast array mode. Using the 95% confidence interval for the lumbar spine, there is not a significant difference in the L1-L4 bone mineral density. A second example of a patient scanned in both fast array and array - [Incorrect Hologic Forearm Analysis](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/incorrect-hologic-forearm-analysis/) - Incorrect Hologic Forearm Analysis In the image, the top line is not placed at the tip of the ulnar styloid process. in this image, the top line is now placed at the tip of the ulnar styloid process. The bone mineral density in the 1/3 region does not change significant, but it is - [Hologic Total Hip Region of Interest Placed Too High](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/hologic-total-hip-region-of-interest-placed-too-high/) - Hologic Total Hip Region of Interest Placed Too High In this image the bottom of the Hologic global hip region of interest box is placed too high. It should be 10 pixels below the bottom of the lesser trochanter. In the image, the bottom of the Hologic global hip region of interest box - [Hologic Hip Global Region of Interest Box Incorrect](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/hologic-hip-global-region-of-interest-box-incorrect/) - Hologic Hip Global Region of Interest Box Incorrect In this image, the bottom of the hip global region of interest box is down >10 pixels from the bottom of the lesser trochanter, which is incorrect. In this image, the bottom of the hip global region of interest box has been corrected to be 10 pixels - [Hologic Hip Global Region of Interest Incorrect](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/hologic-hip-global-region-of-interest-incorrect/) - Hologic Hip Global Region of Interest Incorrect In this Hologic left proximal femur scan, the global hp region of interest is incorrect. The bottom line, which is the most important for analysis, is down > 10 pixels from the lesser trochanter The ischium has been painted out because part of the femoral neck - [Hologic Total Hip Region of Interest Box Incorrect](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/hologic-total-hip-region-of-interest-box-incorrect/) - Hologic Total Hip Region of Interest Box Incorrect In this panel, the Hologic analysis of the hip is incorrect. The bottom of the ROI box is down > 10 pixels from the lesser trochanter. The default width of the femoral neck is incorrect, and the default width is 15 pixels. The correct default - [Total Hip Region of Interest Incorrect/Hologic](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/total-hip-region-of-interest-incorrect-hologic/) - Total Hip Region of Interest Incorrect/Hologic The bottom of the total hip region of interest is incorrect on this Hologic scan. The bottom line is placed 10 pixels below the lesser trochanter. This analysis would overestimate the bone mineral density in the total hip because more cortical bone in the femoral shaft is - [Total Hip Region of Interest Incorrect/Hologic](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/total-hip-region-of-interest-incorrect-hologic-2/) - Total Hip Region of Interest Incorrect/Hologic In this Hologic image, the lateral line is not 5 pixels from the greater trochanter. In this analysis, the lateral aspect region of interest line is now 5 pixels from the greater trochanter Case Description: The total hip box is not 5 pixels lateral to the greater trochanter. The - [Incorrect Total Hip Region of Interest/GE Healthcare](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/incorrect-total-hip-region-of-interest-ge-healthcare/) - Incorrect Total Hip Region of Interest/GE Healthcare In this GE Healthcare scan they technologist did not scan far enough down in the femoral shaft. Nocie that the triangular portion of the total hip region of interest is flipped up. Case Description: In this GE Healthcare dual femur scan, the technologist did not scan - [Total Hip Region of Interest Incorrect/GE Healthcare](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/total-hip-region-of-interest-incorrect-ge-healthcare/) - Total Hip Region of Interest Incorrect/GE Healthcare In this GE Healthcare right proximal femur scan, the right greater trochanter is incompletely scanned. Case Description: In this GE Healthcare right hip scan, a portion of the greater trochanter is cut off. This will affect the result of the total hip. Notice that the femoral neck is - [Femoral Neck Box Includes Part of the Ischium](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/femoral-neck-box-includes-part-of-the-ischium/) - Femoral Neck Box Includes Part of the Ischium In this image, the femoral neck box includes a portion of the ischium. In this image, the ischium is deleted so that the femoral neck box data may be used. The length of the femoral neck box has now been changed to the default of - [Incorrect Hologic Femoral Neck Box Length/ Hologic](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/incorrect-hologic-femoral-neck-box-length/) - Incorrect Hologic Femoral Neck Box Length/ Hologic In this panel the length of the femoral neck box is 46 pixels. Three corners of the femoral neck are in soft tissue. In the panel the length of the femoral neck box is 49 pixels. The default size of the femoral neck box is 49 pixels. Case - [Incorrect Femoral Neck Box Width/Hologic](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/incorrect-femoral-neck-box-width-hologic/) - Incorrect Femoral Neck Box Width/Hologic The femoral neck size is incorrect. The default size for the femoral neck on a Hologic scan is 49 x 15 pixels. This is the corrected analysis for the femoral neck size. Case Description: The hip analysis on the left has the wrong default size of the femoral neck box. - [Femoral Neck Box Size Incorrect](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/femoral-neck-box-size-incorrect/) - Femoral Neck Box Size Incorrect In this panel the femoral neck box is the incorrect size. The default size in Hologic is 49 x 15 pixels. In this panel, the size of the Hologic femoral neck box has been corrected. This image shows the placement of the Hologic femoral neck box. The default - [Femoral Neck Region of Interest Positioning/ Hologic](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/femoral-neck-region-of-interest-positioning-hologic/) - Femoral Neck Region of Interest Positioning/ Hologic In this left Hologic hip scan, the femoral neck box is incorrectly placed. It should be anchored to the greater trochanter. The width of the femoral neck box should be 15 pixels. The same Hologic hip scan was altered to correctly position the femoral neck box - [Effects of Spinal Hardware on Spine DXA Analysis](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/effects-of-spinal-hardware-on-spine-dxa-analysis/) - Effects of Spinal Hardware on Spine DXA Analysis In this analysis the rods are mapped and there is no change in category for the spine diagnosis. In this analysis L3 and L4 are completely removed from the region of interest scanned. There is a change in category from osteoporosis to osteopenia in the - [Effects of Spinal Hardware on Spine DXA Analysis](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/effects-of-spinal-hardware-on-spine-dxa-analysis-2/) - Effects of Spinal Hardware on Spine DXA Analysis This is a baseline and follow-up scan of an individual with hardware at L3-L4. In this follow-up scan, the rods are not mapped, because autolow was forced during the comparison. The spine hardware is included within the global region of interest scanned in the - [Legs Down vs Legs Up Spine Scan](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/legs-down-vs-legs-up-spine-scan/) - Legs Down vs Legs Up Spine Scan The same patient was scanned within 5 minutes with the legs down and then the legs up on the block. This scan has the legs down. This scan has the legs up on the block. There is not a statistically significant difference in L1-L4 BMD using - [Mask](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/mask/) - Mask There is a mask in the patient’s pocket. External artifacts should be removed prior to scanning. Case Description: There is an artifact within the total hip box global region of interest. The patient had a mask in their pocket. It is important to remove external artifacts prior to scanning. Credit: Sarah L - [Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate (Lokelma) Artifact](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/sodium-zirconium-cyclosilicate-lokelma-artifact/) - Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate (Lokelma) Artifact The scan on the left is baseline and on the right is after 2 years of Prolia. Total hip BMD was stable, but there was increased grey color on the followup scan. The patient had started sodium zirconium cyclosilicate in the interim for hyperkalemia.. The medication takes 3 - [Clothing Artifact](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/clothing-artifact/) - Clothing Artifact These are a set of precision forearm scans acquired on the same day. The images appear to be well-acquired. There are BMD differences between the scans. There are no errors when evaluating bone identification (top). The tissue typing image identified two areas outside that are lateral to the ulna on the - [Forearm Positioner Artifact](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/forearm-positioner-artifact/) - Forearm Positioner Artifact This is a set of precision scans acquired on the same day. On the top, BMD = 0.790 g/sq cm and T = -1.0 in the Radius 33%. On the bottom, BMD = 0.693 g/sq cm, T = -2.1 in the Radius 33%. The images appear to be well acquired. - [Spine Discordance](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/spine-discordance/) - Spine Discordance The left image shows that the BMD of L4 is much higher than L3 and there is greater than 1 S.D. difference between L3 and L4. There is also sclerosis in L4. The right-hand panel shows the analysis with L4 omitted. Case Description: There is sclerosis and discordance at L4, so - [Lanthanum](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/lanthanum/) - Lanthanum This Hologic spine scan shows an internal artifact from lanthanum. The undo view shows that the lanthanum would be omitted from the soft tissue baseline, though it is impossible to tell how much is over other vertebral bodies. Case Description: The left panel shows a Hologic DXA scan with soft tissue opacities - [Mastocytosis](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/mastocytosis/) - Mastocytosis There is diffuse heterogeneous sclerosis in the hip scan and the bone mineral density is elevated Case Description: This is the left proximal Hologic femur scan of a patient with known mastocytosis. The chest, abdomen, and pelvis CT scans demonstrated diffuse heterogeneous sclerosis of the bones. Credit: Sarah L Morgan, MD, RD, - [Sickle Cell Anemia](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/sickle-cell-anemia/) - Sickle Cell Anemia The Lincoln Log defect (H-shaped vertebrae with sharply delimited central endplate depression) or fish mouth vertebrae is seen on the spine DXA image. This is hte hip image of the same patient showing elevated bone mineral density. Case Description: The hip and spine DXAs of a 27-year-old male patient with - [Spinal Level Identification](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/spinal-level-identification/) - Spinal Level Identification The spine global region of interest is not correct in this analysis. The iliac crests should be used to designate the L4-L5 interpace In this analysis, the iliac crest is used to designate the L4-L5 interspace. This patient may have 6 lumbar vertebral bodies or T12 may not have ribs. - [Spinal Level Identification](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/spinal-level-identification-2/) - Spinal Level Identification This Hologic DXA shows either 6 lumbar vertebral bodies or a spine where T12 has no ribs. Case Description: There may be 6 lumbar vertebral bodies, or T12 may not have ribs. The L4-L5 interspace is placed using the position of the iliac crest. The L5 vertebral body is the - [Spinal Level Identifiation](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/spinal-level-identifiation/) - Spinal Level Identifiation It is likely that the spinal level marked L1 is actually T12. Case Description: The spinal levels are likely not correctly identified on this GE Healthcare scan. No iliac crest is seen, and what is marked as L1 contains ribs. It is important to have the iliac crest visible to - [Spinal Level Identification](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/spinal-level-identification-3/) - Spinal Level Identification In this Hologic spine scan the spinal levels are incorrectly designated. This is the correction of the spine DXA scan with the spinal levels correctly identied. Notice the difference in the result. The levels containing hardware are excluded from the global region of interest. Case Description: The spine level labels - [Hip Rotation](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/hip-rotation/) - Hip Rotation This Hologic hip scan has the femur straight and the hip is internally rotated. This Hologic hip scan is on the same individual, on the same day with the hip externally rotated. The rotation of the hip is gauged by the amount of lesser trochanter that is seen. The bone mineral - [Spine Positioning and Rotation](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/spine-positioning-and-rotation/) - Spine Positioning and Rotation Baseline Hologic lumbar spine scan showing clips lateral to L2 on the right. Follow-up Hologic lumbar spine scan with the spine rotated with clips projecting over L2. The spine is also not straight. Case Description: The artifacts lateral to L2 on the left in the baseline scan can be - [Vertebral Augmentation](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/vertebral-augmentation-2/) - Vertebral Augmentation There is vertebral augmentation at L3. The accompanying PA and lateral chest radiograph also shows the vertebral augmentation. Case Description: There is vertebral augmentation at L3 that is also seen on the accompanying chest radiograph. Credit: Sarah L Morgan, MD, RD, CCD, The University of Alabama at Birmingham References: Richmond, B.J., - [Vertebral Augmentation](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/vertebral-augmentation-3/) - Vertebral Augmentation There is vertebral augmentation at L3. The accompanying chest radiograph shows the vertebral augmentation. Case Description: There is vertebral augmentation at L3 that is also seen on the accompanying chest radiograph. L3 is removed from the analysis because of the presence of vertebral augmentation. Credit: Sarah L Morgan, MD, RD, CCD, - [Vascular Calcification](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/vascular-calcification/) - Vascular Calcification The calcified aorta can clearly be seen overlying this Hologic lumbar spine DXA. The accompany radiographs also show the aortic calcification. Case Description: This DXA scan shows aortic calcification, with the accompanying postero-anterior and lateral radiographs showing the aortic calcification. The red lines are point to the aortic calcification. Aortic calcification - [Turner's Syndome](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/turners-syndome/) - Turner’s Syndome This is the Hologic lumbar spine scan from a young woman with Turner’s syndrome. This is the Hologic left hip scan from a young woman with Turner’s syndrome. Case Description: This is the spine and hip DXA scan from a young woman with Turner’s syndrome. The T-score was reported since the - [Pancreatic Calcification](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/pancreatic-calcification/) - Pancreatic Calcification This Hologic DXA scan shows a calcified pancreas overlying L1. There is an IVC filter overlying L2-L3. This means that there would only be one useable vertebral body, so the spine would not be reported. The accompanying radiographs show the calcified pancrease as well as the IVC filter. Case Description: This - [Paget's Disease](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/pagets-disease/) - Paget’s Disease This is the left Hologic proximal femur scan of a patient with known Paget’s disease. The bone mineral density is elevated. The corresponding radiograph in the left femur shows thickened trabeculations extending to the edge of the bone and thickened cortices extending to the middle of the shaft. This is the - [Osteogensis Imperfecta](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/osteogensis-imperfecta-2/) - Osteogensis Imperfecta This is the Hologic spine DXA from a premenopausal female with osteogenesis imperfecta. This is the Hologic left proximal femur scan from a premenopausal female with osteogenesis imperfecta. Case Description: These are the scans from a 22-year-old premenopausal female referred with fractures beginning as a child. She had genetic testing and - [Oncogenic Osteomalacia/Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/oncogenic-osteomalacia-tumor-induced-osteomalacia/) - Oncogenic Osteomalacia/Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia This is the Hologic lumbar spine DXA from a man with proven osteogenic osteomalacia. This is the Hologic left proximal femur DXA from a man with proven osteogenic osteomalacia. Case Description: This is a man who presented with bone pain and hypophosphatemia. A PET scan showed a lesion within L1 - [Oncogenic Osteomalacia/Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/oncogenic-osteomalacia-tumor-induced-osteomalacia-2/) - Oncogenic Osteomalacia/Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia This is the Hologic lumbar spine DXA from the patient with tumor-induced osteomalacia. This is the Hologic left proximal femur scan from the patient with tumor-induced osteomalacia. Case Description: This is a patient who presented with profound hypophosphatemia. He gave a history of muscle weakness and bone pain for many - [Panniculus/Obesity](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/panniculus-obesity/) - Panniculus/Obesity The panniculus is retracted on this Hologic left hip scan from a premenopausal woman. This is the same patient on the same day with the panniculus not retracted. It is possible to see the outline of the panniculus. Case Description: This DXA scan is from a premenopausal woman who is 64″ tall - [Panniculus](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/panniculus/) - Panniculus/Obesity This is the baseline Hologic left hip scan. This is the follow up Hologic left hip scan 2 years later. There is a large increase at the femoral neck and no significant change a the total hip The baseline single energy view demonstrates the position of the panniculus. The follow-up single energy view demonstrates - [Nephrolithiasis](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/nephrolithiasis/) - Nephrolithiasis There is an opacity lateral to L2 on the left that was proven to be a kidney stones. The accompanying supine abdominal film demonstrates the left kidney stone in the renal pelvis. Case Description: There is a renal stone lateral to L2 on the spine DXA. The corresponding radiograph shows a 1.5 - [Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/multiple-endocrine-neoplasia/) - Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia This is the GE Healthcare spine scan from a man with proven MEN-1. This is the bilateral GE Health proximal femur scan from a man with MEN-1. Case Description: This is a 65-year-old Caucasian male followed by Genetics for Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type I (MEN-I). The patient had pituitary and - [Marfan Syndrome](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/marfan-syndrome/) - Marfan Syndrome This is the GE Healthcare DXA scan of a man with Marfan Syndrome. Additional workup demonstrated compresson fractures and L1 and L4. Case Description: This is a GE Healthcare DXA scan from a man with known Marfan Syndrome. Compression fractures were demonstrated at L1 and L4. The literature is somewhat equivocal - [Neuroblastoma/Retroperitoneal Ganglioneuroma](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/neuroblastoma-retroperitoneal-ganglioneuroma/) - Neuroblastoma/Retroperitoneal Ganglioneuroma There is a neurobastoma/retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma overlying L3 and L4. The usefulness of L1-L2 in diagnosis and follow-up will be imparied by the presence of degenerative changes. Case Description: This is the Hologic lumbar spine DXA scan from a patient with a neuroblastoma/retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma. L1 and L2 are analyzed, and their usefulness - [Hypophosphatemic Rickets](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/hypophosphatemic-rickets/) - Hypophosphatemic Rickets Left Hologic wrist scan from a postmenopausal woman with hypophosphatemic rickets. Right proximal femurs scan from a postmenopausal woman with hypophosphatemic rickets. The lumbar spine radiograph show enthesopathic abnormalities characteristic of hypophosphatemic rickets. There is a laminectomy. There are diffuse DISH-like changes and bony remodeling with generalized osteopenia consistent with the - [Metastatic Breast Cancer](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/metastatic-breast-cancer/) - Metastatic Breast Cancer This is a baseline Hologic lumbar spine DXA scan. This is a Hologic DXA scan 4 years later showing sclerosis at L2. There are also large increases in bone mineral density at L3 and L4 since the baseline scan. This is the accompanying scout film from a CT scan. L2, - [Laminectomy](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/laminectomy/) - Laminectomy The lumbar spine DXA shows a laminectomy and spinal hardware. Because there is only one useable vertebral body the spine will not be reported and a wrist scan should be added. The accompanying radiograph shows the laminectomy and spinal hardware. Case Description: Laminectomy and spinal hardware are seen on the DXA image - [Klinefelter Syndrome](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/klinefelter-syndrome/) - Klinefelter Syndrome Hologic lumbar spine scan in a patient with Klinefelter Syndrome. Hologic left proximal femur scan in a patient with Klinefleter Syndrome. Case Description: Klinefelter Syndrome is a random genetic error after conception, where a male is born with an extra X chromosome (XXY). Males have low testosterone levels and reduced muscle - [Hypophosphatasia](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/hypophosphatasia/) - Hypophosphatasia This is the Hologic lumbar spine scan from a postmenopausal female with hypophosphatasia. This is the Hologic left proximal hip scan from a postmenopausal female with hypophosphatasia. Case Description: This DXA scan is from an 80-year-old Caucasian female who presented with low bone mass and a low alkaline phosphatase 20 U/L – - [Hyperthyroidism](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/hyperthyroidism/) - Hyperthyroidism This is the Hologic DXA image from a patient with iatrogenic hyperthyroidism. This is the Hologic left proximal femur scan from a patient with iatrogenic hyperthyroidism. Case Description: This is the baseline Hologic DXA scan from a postmenopausal woman referred to Osteoporosis Clinic with low bone mineral density. The accompanying note from - [Primary Hyperparathyroidism](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/primary-hyperparathyroidism/) - Primary Hyperparathyroidism This is the Hologic spine scan from a patient with surgery-proven case primary hyperparathyroidism . This is the Hologic left wrist scan from a surgery-proven case of primary hyperparathyroidism. This is the Hologic left proximal hip scan from a surgery-proven case of primary hyperparathyroidism. Case Description: This is the baseline DXA - [Fractured Wrist](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/fractured-wrist/) - Fractured Wrist A fracture is seen in the Holgic left wrist scan of the proximal ulna. The contralateral wrist should be reported. Case Description: A fracture of the proximal ulna is seen on this forearm scan in an 85-year-old postmenopausal woman. Credit: Sarah L Morgan, MD, RD, CCD, The University of Alabama at - [Left Greater Trochanter Fracture](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/left-greater-trochanter-fracture/) - Left Greater Trochanter Fracture The left Hologic DXA shows a left trochanteric fracture after a fall. The right hip should be scanned and reported. Case Description: This is a postmenopausal female who gave a history of having a left greater trochanter fracture after a fall. Credit: Sarah L Morgan, MD, RD, CCD, The - [Bilateral Hip Fractures](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/bilateral-hip-fractures/) - Bilateral Hip Fractures The Hologic hip DXA images demonstrate bilateral hip fractures in this patient with spinal cord injury. Case Description: This is the left and right DXA images from a 60-year-old female with spine cord injury with bilateral hip fractures. Credit: Sarah L Morgan, MD, RD, CCD, The University of Alabama at - [Femoral Neck Fracture](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/femoral-neck-fracture/) - Femoral Neck Fracture There is a linear opacity projecting upward into the left femoral neck. There is discordance in the bone mineral density between the femoral neck and total hip On the radiographs, a fracture in the femoral neck is aparent (red circles). Case Description: On the Hologic left proximal hip image, there - [Compression Fracture](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/compression-fracture/) - Compression Fracture The Hologic lumbar spine DXA shows a L1 compression fracture. L1 is omitted from analysis because of the presence of compression. The MRI scout view of the lumbar spine demonstrates the compression fracture. Case Description: There is a L1 compression fracture seen on the Hologic lumbar spine DXA and the MRI - [Compression Fracture](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/compression-fracture-2/) - Compression Fracture This is the baseline Hologic lumbar spine DXA scan showing no compression fractures. The follow-up DXA scan below shows a L1 fracture. This is accompanying lateral spine radiograph which shows the new L1 compression fracture on follow-up. The follow-up DXA scan after 2 years shows that the height of L1 is - [Uterine Fibroid](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/uterine-fibroid/) - Uterine Fibroid There is a calcified fibroid partially overlying L4 on this lumbar spine DXA scan. A calcified uterine fibroid is seen within the pelvic brim. The pelvic ultrasound showed a 6.2 x 4.1 x 6.4 cm uterine fibroid int he left mid uterine body. The fibroid is not within the region of - [Elevated Bone Mineral Density](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/elevated-bone-mineral-density/) - Elevated Bone Mineral Density The Z-score is elevated in this Hologic lumbar spine DXA scan. The Z-scores are also elevated at the femoral neck and total hip in the left proximal femur Hologic scan. Case Description: There is no International Society for Clinical Densitometry consensus on the definition of elevated bone mineral density. - [Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/ehlers-danlos-syndrome/) - Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome This is the Hologic lumbar spine DXA from a patient with hypermobile Elhers-Danllos syndrome showing osteoporosis. This is the left proximal femur Hologic scan from the same patient with hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Case Description: This is a DXA scan from a patient with hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The thoracic and lumbar spine - [Celiac Disease](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/celiac-disease/) - Celiac Disease This is the lumbar spine Hologic DXA scan from a woman with biospy-proven celiac disease. This is the left proximal femur Hologic DXA scan from a woman with biopsy-proven celiac disease. Case Description: This is a DXA scan from a 65-year-old Caucasian female referred with low bone mineral density and a - [Bridging Osteophytes](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/bridging-osteophytes/) - Bridging Osteophytes There is a bridging osteophyte at L2-L3 on the right and there are degenerative changes in this Hologic lumbar spine DXA. Notice the elevated Z-scores and the discordance in bone mineral density in the lumbar spine. Case Description: A bridging osteophyte is present at L2-L3 and there are degenerative changes in - [Degenerative Changes](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/degenerative-changes/) - Degenerative Changes There is sclerosis, scoliosis, and discordance of bone mineral density seen in this Hologic lumbar spine scan. Such degenerative changes will overestimate the bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and make it less useful in followup. An additional site such as the 1/3 wrist should be added in a patient - [Cystic Fibrosis](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/cystic-fibrosis/) - Cystic Fibrosis The lumbar spine DXA image gives a diagnosis of bone mineral density below the expected range for age. The left hip DXA image supports a diagnosis of bone mineral density below the expected range for age. Case Description: This DXA scan is from a 26-year-old male with cystic fibrosis. The bone - [Cholelithiasis/Gallstones](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/cholelithiasis-gallstones/) - Cholelithiasis/Gallstones There are gallstones lateral to L1-L3 on the Hologic spine DXA scan. The accompanying radiograph demonstrates the gallstones. Case Description: There are gallstones seen lateral to the Hologic spine on the right. The accompanying radiograph demonstrates the gallstones. The “undo” view may be checked in Hologic to confirm that the artifact is - [Cholelithiasis/ Gallstones](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/cholelithiasis-gallstones-2/) - Cholelithiasis/ Gallstones The Hologic spine scan shows gallstones lateral to L1-L2 on the right. The Hologic undo view shows that the gallstones are recognized and would be removed from the soft tissue baseline. Case Description: There are gallstones lateral to L1-L2 on the right on the Hologic spine image. The undo view shows - [Calcified Tendon](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/calcified-tendon/) - Calcified Tendon There is a calciified tendon superior to the left greater trochanter seen on the left Hologic proximal femur image. Case Description: The calcified area at the top of the greater trochanter represents a calcified tendon. The calcified tendon is not outlined in the bone map of the left proximal femur. Credit: - [Heterotopic Ossification](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/heterotopic-ossification/) - Heterotopic Ossification There is heterotopic ossification seen on this Hologic left proximal hip scan. The radiograph demonstrates bilateral hip heterotopic ossification in a patient with spinal cord injury. Case Description: There is heterotopic ossification involving the left proximal femur on this Hologic scan in a patient with spinal cord injury. Heterotrophic ossification means - [Calcinosis](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/calcinosis/) - Calcinosis The image shows a left proximal femur scan from a patient with calcinosis from scleroderma. The image shows a right proximal femur scan from a patient with calcinosis from scleroderma. Case Description: The DXA scan shows calcinosis in a patient with known scleroderma. Calcinosis is the presence of calcium deposits in soft - [Benign Bone Lesion - Bone Island](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/benign-bone-lesion-bone-island/) - Benign Bone Lesion – Bone Island There is a bone island seen on the left Hologic proximal femur DXA scan. The accompanying radiograph also shows the bone island. Case Description: There is a bone island seen on the left Hologic proximal femur scan. On the accompanying pelvic radiograph, the sclerotic foci in the - [Benign Bone Lesions - Bone Infarct](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/benign-bone-lesions-bone-infarct/) - Benign Bone Lesions – Bone Infarct There is a rounded lesion lateral and inferior to the left lesser trochanter on this Hologic proximal hip scan. This is the accompanying radiograph. The lesion has been followed longitudinally and has been read as a bone infarct. Case Description: There is a rounded lesion lateral and - [Benign Bone Lesion - Enchondroma](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/benign-bone-lesion-enchondroma/) - Benign Bone Lesion – Enchondroma There is an enchondroma seen in the left femoral shaft on this Hologic left proximal femur radiograph. On the accompanying radiograph, the lesion was read as an enchondroma. Case Description: The DXA image shows a left Hologic proximal femur scan with an enchondroma in the left femoral shaft. - [Benign Bone Lesion - Enchondroma](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/benign-bone-lesion-enchondroma-2/) - Benign Bone Lesion – Enchondroma This Hologic left proximal femur scan shows an enchondroma in the greater trochanter. The companion radiograph shows the same lesion. Case Description: The DXA image shows an enchondroma in the greater trochanter. The accompanying radiograph shows the same lesion. The right proximal femur should be scanned and reported. - [Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/roux-en-y-gastric-bypass/) - Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass There is not a significant change in BMD (using short-term precision values for the facility) approximately one year after a roux-en-y gastric bypass. There is degenerative change in the lumbar spine which may confound the determination of change. There is a significant loss in bone mineral density (using short-term precision - [Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/avascular-necrosis-of-the-femoral-head/) - Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head This is the baseline Hologic left hip scan. This is the follow-up left Hologic hip scan 8 years later after an episode of thyroid storm and chronic steroid use for rheumatoid arthritis. This is the accompanying hip radiograph showing avascular necrosis of the left femoral head. Case - [Ascites and Indwelling Peritoneal Dialysate](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/ascites-and-indwelling-peritoneal-dialysate/) - Ascites and Indwelling Peritoneal Dialysate Peritoneal dialysate is present in this Hologic spine image. This is the same patient scanned without the presence of peritoneal dialysate. Case Description: The left panel shows a Hologic lumbar spine DXA with indwelling dialysate and the right-hand panel shows the same patient after the dialysate was drained. - [Acetabula Protrusio](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/acetabula-protrusio/) - Acetabula Protrusio The Hologic DXA image of the left hip shows acetabula protrusio. The accompanying radiograph shows the left acetabula protrusio. Case Description: This is a patient with acetabular protrusion. The right hip would need to be used for the DXA scan. Protrusio acetabuli can be primary and is often associated with osteoarthritis. - [6 Lumbar Vertebral Bodies](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/6-lumbar-vertebral-bodies/) - 6 Lumbar Vertebral Bodies The Hologic lumbar spine DXA scan shows 6 lumbar vertebral bodies. The corresponding radiographic was read as “six nonrib-bearing lumbar vertebrae are seen with lumbarization of S1”. Case Description: The Hologic lumbar spine image shows 6 lumbar vertebral bodies. The corresponding radiograph was read as “six nonrib-bearing lumbar vertebra - [Shotgun Pellets](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/shotgun-pellets/) - Shotgun Pellets There are shotgun pellets seen on this forearm scan. Case Description: Shot gun pellets are visible on this forearm scan. Credit: E. Michael Lewiecki, MD, FACP, FACE, CCD, New Mexico Clinical Research & Osteoporosis Center References: • Martineau, P., S. Bazarjani, and L.S. Zuckier, Artifacts and Incidental Findings Encountered on Dual-Energy - [Wallet](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/wallet/) - Wallet There is a wallet overlying the left proximal femur. Case Description: There is a wallet overlying the left proximal femur (orange circle). Credit: E. Michael Lewiecki, MD, FACP, FACE, CCD, New Mexico Clinical Research & Osteoporosis Center References: • Martineau, P., S. Bazarjani, and L.S. Zuckier, Artifacts and Incidental Findings Encountered on - [Chromium Tablets](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/chromium-tablets/) - Chromium Tablets This baseline GE Healthcare spine image shows a chromium tablet (orange circle). This followup GE Healthcare spine image a day later shows the position of the chromium tablet (orange circle). Case Description: These GE Healthcare lumbar spine images show chromium tablets at baseline and on the next day. Credit: E. Michael - [Darvocet N-100 Tablet](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/darvocet-n-100-tablet/) - Darvocet N-100 Tablet The baseline lumbar spine Hologic scan shows a Darvocet-N100 tablet lateral to L1 on the right (orange circle). The follow up scan 5 minutes later shows that the tablet has changed in position (orange circle).. Case Description: This lumbar spine shows a Darvocet N-100 pill on the baseine image and - [Calcium Tablets and Multiple Vitamin](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/calciuml-tablets-and-multiple-vitamins/) - Tablets There are two calcium tablets and a mutiple vitamin in a patient pocket which overlies the right Hologic hip scan. Notice what the pills do to the edge detection. On this scan the femoral neck is partically within the greater trochanter. Case Description: This Hologic right proximal femur scan shows 2 calcium - [Belly Button Ring](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/belly-button-ring/) - Belly Button Ring There is a belly button ring within the L4 region of interest on this GE Healthcare lumbar spine scan. Case Description: There is a belly button ring within the L4 region of interest. Credit: E. Michael Lewiecki, MD, FACP, FACE, CCD, New Mexico Clinical Research & Osteoporosis Center References: • - [Calcific Tendonitis/Bursitis](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/calcific-tendontisi-bursitis/) - Calcific Tendonitis/Bursitis Calcific tendonitis is seen on this GE Healthcare left hip image. The accompanying radiograph demonstrated calcific tendonitis/bursitis. Case Description: Calcific tendonitis/bursitis is seen in this left GE Healthcare image and accompanying radiograph. Credit: E. Michael Lewiecki, MD, FACP, FACE, New Mexico Clinical Research & Osteoporosis Center References: • Martineau, P., S. Bazarjani, and - [Gallstone](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/gallstone/) - Gallstone There is a gallstone lateral to L1-L2 on the right in this Hologic spine image. The undo view may be evaluated, to demonstrate that the gallstone is removed from the soft tissue baseline. The accompanying radiograph shows the gallstone (blue circle). Case Description: There is a gallstone lateral to L1-L2 on the - [Bra Clips](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/bra-clips/) - Bra Clips There are bra fasteners lateral to T10-T12 on the right on this Hologic Delphi lumbar spine scan (red circle). The artifacts are not within the region of interest scanned. Case Description: Bra clips are seen laterally to T10-T12 on the right on this Hologic Delphi image (red circle). The clips are - [Zipper](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/zipper/) - Zipper A zipper is seen within the pelvic brim on this Hologic left proximal femur scan. The zipper is not within the region of interest scanned. Case Description: There is a zipper within the pelvic brim. The zipper is not within the region of interest scanned on this Hologic left hip scan. Credit: - [Rivet/Snap](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/rivet-snap/) - Rivet/Snap There is a snap/rivet outside the region of interest on this left Hologic hip scan. Case Description: There is a rivet on a pair of jeans that is outside the region of interest on this left Hologic left proximal femur scan. Credit: Sarah L Morgan, MD, RD, CCD, The University of Alabama - [Rubber Bands](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/rubber-bands/) - Rubber Bands As the wrist scan began the technologist saw the external artifact of the rubber bands and the scan was stopped. The rubber bands were removed and the wrist scan was completed. Case Description: This patient had rubber bands around their wrist. The technologist stopped scanning when they saw the external artifacts, - [Key](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/key/) - Key There is a key in the patient’s pocket in this right hip GE Healthcare scan. The key should be removed and the hip rescanned. Case Description: A key is present in a pocket and overlies the GE Healthcare right hip scan. Credit: Alexandra S Rocca, PA-C, Bone Health Clinic, Utah Orthopaedics References: - [Motion Artifact/Tremor](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/motion-artifact-tremor/) - Motion Artifact/Tremor There is motion artifact from a tremor in this Hologic wrist scan. Case Description: This is the wrist scan of a patient with a tremor. The wavy lines of the edge detection indicate the presence of a tremor. Credit: Sarah L Morgan, MD, RD, CCD, The University of Alabama at Birmingham - [Motion Artifact/Tremor](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/motion-artifact-tremor-2/) - Motion Artifact/Tremor There is motion artifact in the left hip in this Hologic left proximal femur scan. The wavy line in the femoral shaft indicates motion. There is motion artifact in the left hip in this Hologic left proximal femur scan. The wavy line in the femoral shaft indicates motion. Case Description: These - [Hand/Fingers](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/hand-fingers/) - Hand/Fingers There is a hand over the right proxiomal femur. Notice what the presence of the external artifact does to the edge detection. The external artifact may be removed and the hip rescanned. Case Description: Fingers are visible over the hip region of interest on this GE Healthcare right proximal femur scan. Credit: - [Hands/Fingers](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/hands-fingers/) - Hands/Fingers The patient placed their hands over the abdomen on this GE Healthcare lumbar spine scan. L1 would be omitted because of the presence of the external artifact. Case Description: The patient placed their hands over the abdomen during scanning and there are fingers seen over L1 on this GE Healthcare lumbar spine - [Bobbie Pin](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/bobbie-pin/) - Bobbie Pin There is a bobbie pin over the right greater trochanter. The external artifact should be removed and the hip rescanned. In this analysis, the femoral neck box is anchored to the greater trochanter. In GE scans, the femoral neck box is at the narrowest aspect of the femoral neck. Case Description: - [Bra Fasteners](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/bra-fasteners/) - Bra Fasteners There are bra fasteners seen above L1 on this Hologic lumbar spine scan. The fasteners are not within the region of interest scanned. Case Description: There are bra fasteners above L1 that are not within the spine region of interest scanned. Credit: Sarah L Morgan, MD, RD, CCD, The University of - [Clothing](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/clothing/) - Clothing There is a reflective strip from a work shirt seen on the Hologic forearm DXA scan. The external artifact was removed and the wrist was then rescanned. Case Description: There is a relfective strip from a work shirt seen on the forearm DXA scan. Such an external artifact should be removed and - [Bracelet](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/bracelet/) - Bracelet There is a bracelet seen on the Hologic forearm scan. The bracelet does not overlie over any part of the region of interest scanned in the wrist. Case Description: There is a bracelet seen distally over the wrist on this Hologic wrist image. The barcelet is not over any part of the - [Button](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/button/) - Button There is a button lateral to the ulnar styoid process. As part of the standard operating procedure for a DXA facility, external artifacts should be removed before scaning. In a Hologic scan, ths artifact would be removed from the soft tissue baseline. There is also motion artifact/tremor in the radius and ulnar - [Belly Button Ring](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/belly-button-ring-2/) - Belly Button Ring There is a belly button ring over L4 on this Hologic lumbar spine image. The patient declined to remove the ring for the DXA scan. Because the artifact overlies bone, L4 would be removed from analysis. Case Description: This Hologic lumbar spine scan shows a naval ring over L4. The - [Belt](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/belt/) - Belt There is an artifact across L4 on this Hologic lumbar spine image. L4 would be omitted from analysis because of the presence of the artifact over bone. Part of standard operating procedures in a DXA facility is to make sure that external artifacts are removed before scanning. At our institution we have - [Nephrectomy Clips](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/nephrectomy-clips/) - Nephrectomy Clips There are surgical clips lateral and partially overlapping L1-L2. These clips came from a right nephrectomy. The surgical clips show up white on the dual energy image. The renal arteries come off the abdominal aorta at L1-L2 and are inferior to the superior mesenteric artery. Because over overlying clips at L1 - [Surgical Clips](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/surgical-clips/) - Surgical Clips The Hologic lumbar spine image shows surgical clips lateral to L2-L4 and overlying L2. There is also a prominent black hole-type artifact lateral to L1-L2. L2 would be omitted from analysis because of overlying artifacts. Using the undo view in Hologic it could be documented that the clips in the soft - [Vertebral Augmentation](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/vertebral-augmentation/) - Vertebral Augmentation There is a kyphoplasty at L2 on the Hologic lumbar spine scan. This level would be omitted from analysis. Because there is also compression at L3, L3 would correctly be removed from analysis. There are bra fasteners visible outside the region of interest. The accompanying radiographs show the kyphoplasty. There is - [Vertebral Augmentation](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/ventebral-augmentation/) - Vertebral Augmentation There are numerous levels with vertebral augmentation on this Hologic spine image. The accompanying radiograph whos the vertebral augmentation. A left total hip replacement and external buckle is also seen on the radigoraph Case Description: These images show vertebral augmentation in the lumbar spine. Credit: Sarah L Morgan, MD, RD, CCD, The University - [Tablets](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/tablets/) - Tablets This Hologic lumbar spine image shows artifacts to the left of L1-L2. On the undo view it is seen that the artiacts would be removed from the soft tissue baseline. This abdominal flat plate was taken approximately 1 hour after the lumbar spine DXA. The patient admitted to taking calcium supplements prior - [Clips](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/clips/) - Clips This Hologic spine images shows artifacts lateral to L1 on the right that are cholecystectomy clips. The undo of the image shows that the clips are recognized and would be omitted by the software from the soft tissue baseine Case Description: There are metallic artifacts lateral to L1 on the right that - [Radiographic Contrast](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/radiographic-contrast/) - Radiographic Contrast There is barium seen on the lumbar spine DXA scan image. There is barium in the lumbar spine scan. Notice that the edge detection is confounded by the barium present. Case Description: These images show barium on Hologic lumbar spine scans. In both cases, the scans would need to be repeated - [Pelvic Coils](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/pelvic-coils/) - Pelvic Coils This image shows the pelvic coils lateral to L2-L4 on the Hologic spine image. The pelvic coils show up as a black hole-type artifact. Because the coils overlapped L3 and L4, these levels were initially removed from analysis. This image shows the undo view for the lumbar spine image. Notice that - [Pacemaker](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/pacemaker/) - Pacemaker There is a pacemaker with leads seen on the Hologic spine scan. L2 is removed from analysis because the leads are overlying L2. This is the undo view of the Hologic lumbar spine scan. This view shows that the pacer and wires are removed from the soft tissue baseline and therefore L1 - [Ostomy](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/ostomy/) - Ostomy The DXA image shows an ileostomy that is lateral to L3-L4. The undo view showed that the internal artifact was removed from the soft tissue baseline. The accompany scout film from an abdominal CT scan also shows the ileostomy. Credit: Sarah L Morgan, MD, RD, CCD The University of Alabama at Birmingham, - [Nerve Stimulator](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/nerve-stimulator/) - Nerve Stimulator There are nerve stimulator leads overlying the lumbar spine. The lumbar spine would not be useful in diagnosis and follow-up and a wrist scan should also be completed. Case Description: There are nerve stimulator wires overlying the lumbar spine. The lumbar spine would not be useful for diagnosis of follow-up evaluation. - [Sewing Needle](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/sewing-needle-over-the-left-hip/) - Sewing Needle over the Left Hip This left hip DXA scan image shows a sewing needle over the left proximal femur. The contralateral femur will need to be scanned. The needle projects over the left proximal femur on the pelvic radiograph. Case Description: This Hologic image shows a sewing needle embedded in the - [Hip Osteoarthritis - How Bad Can It Get?](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/hip-osteoarthritis-how-bad-can-it-get/) - Hip Osteoarthritis – How Bad Can It Get? Left hip DXA shows marked site discordance, from +5.9 to the femur neck to -2.8 for the trochanter. Dense sclerosis is seen to affect the femur neck ROI with advanced OA and erosive loss of the femoral head. (Note that it is impossible to achieve - [Osteoporosis and Unexpected Osteosclerosis](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/osteoporosis-and-unexpected-osteosclerosis/) - Osteoporosis and Unexpected Osteosclerosis Right hip DXA at baseline Right hip DXA at 5 years later CT shows decubitus ulcer extending to bone with ischial sclerosis Later X-ray shows dense ischial sclerosis after treatment for osteomyelitis Case Description: This woman in her mid-60’s was wheelchair bound due to multiple sclerosis. Her initial DXA - [Aortic calcification on spine DXA](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/aortic-calcification-on-spine-dxa/) - Aortic calcification on spine DXA Figure 1 – DXA of left hip and lumbar spine. Figure 2 – X-rays of lumbar spine showing dense aortoiliac calcification. Figure 3 – CT showing dense aortoiliac calcification. Case Description: 68 year old woman: Baseline BMD assessment, no osteoporosis risk factors. Treated hypertension and hyperlipidemia. - [Inferior Vena Caval (IVC) Filter](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/ivc-filter/) - IVC Filter There is an IVC filter overlying L2-L3 in thie Hologic lumbar spine DXA image. IVC filters are often easily overlooked. When L2 and L3 are omitted from analysis, the spine diagnosis changes from normal bone mineral density to low bone mass. The corresponding abdominal x-ray shows the IVC filter. Case Description: - [Gluteal Implant](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/gluteal-implant/) - Gluteal Implant There is a gluteal implant overlying the left proximal femur in this Hologic left hip scan. The left proximal femur would not be useful for analysis because of the overlying artifact. A right hip scan should be completed and analyzed. Case Description: This Hologic left proximal femur scan shows an overlying - [Breast Implants](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/breast-implants/) - Breast Implants This Hologic lumbar spine image shows a breast implant lateral to L1 on the right. This image shows the corresponding undo view which demonstrates that the breast implant would be removed from the soft tissue baseline. This is the corresponding chest x-ray for the DXA scan showing the breast implants. Case - [Resurfaced hip](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/resurfaced-hip/) - Resurfaced hip This image shows is a resurfaced hip where the femoral head is trimmed and capped with a metal covering. Case Description: This left proximal Hologic DXA scan shows a resurfaced hip. Credit: Sarah L Morgan, MD, RD, CCD, The University of Alabama at Birmingham References: • Martineau, P., S. Bazarjani, and - [Hip Hardware](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/hip-hardware/) - Hip Hardware The left proximal femur DXA scan shows a replaced hip. This hip can not be analyzed and reported. The right hip, if available, should be completed and analyzed. In a traditional hip replacement the femoral head and the acetabulum are removed and replaced with either metal, plastic, or ceramic replacements. Credit: - [Spinal Hardware](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/spinal-hardware/) - Spinal Hardware There is posterior spinal fusion hardware spanning L3-L4 and a L3-L4 intervertebral disc spacer. There is also a L1 compression fracture. Because there is only one useable vertebral body, the spine cannot be reported. The accompanying radiograph shows the spinal fixation hardware and the intervertebral disc spacer and a L1 compression - [Endograft](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/endograft/) - Endograft There is a vascular endograft overlying L1-L5. The lumbar spine would not be useful in diagnosis or follow-up. This is the accompany PA and lateral radiograph showing the endograft. Case Description: There is a vascular endograft overlying L1-L5. The lumbar spine will not be useful for diagnosis or follow -up scanning. Credit: - [Endograft](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/endograft-2/) - Endograft There is an endovascular stent with endograft in both common iliac arteries. Because the internal artifacts overly the lumbar spine, the involved levels should be deleted, meaning that th spine will not be a location for diagnosis and monitoring since only one vertebral level is left. This is the accompany radiograph to - [Endograft](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/endograft-3/) - Endograft There is an endograft and clips overlying the lumbar spine DXA image. Since the endograft overlies bone, the lumbar spine DXA will not be useful for diagnosis or follow-up. This is the accompanying radiograph which shows the endograft and clips. Case Description: This DXA scan shows and endograft and clips overlying the - [Catheter](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/catheter/) - Catheter A catheter overiles l1 and L2, so those levels would be removed from analysis. The bone mineral density goes from normal to osteopenia with those levels removed from analysis. This shows the Hologic undo view of the image. There is also cathether present lateral to L3 on the right and this indicates - [Feeding Tube](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/feeding-tube/) - Feeding Tube There is a feeding tube overly L3. Since it overlies bone, it would be correct to remove the L3 vertebral body from analysis. The data analysis deleting L3 is included. This image shows the corresponding undo view. Since the internal artifact overlies bone, that vertebral level should be omitted. Case Description: - [Biliary Drainage Catheter](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/biliary-drainage-catheter/) - Biliary Drainage Catheter This Hologic lumbar spine images shows a biliary drain tube lateral to the verebral bodies on the right. The undo view shows that the artifact in the soft tissue is mapped and therefore removed from the soft tissue baseline. Case Description: A biliary drainage catether is seen on the Hologic - [Bowel Gas](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/bowel-gas/) - Bowel Gas An artifact is seen over the L2 vertebral body on the Hologic DXA scan. The single energy view shows that the internal artifact is bowel gas. Case Description: The DXA image shows what appears to be an artifact ove L2.on a Hologic lumbar spine image. The single energy images proves that - [4 Lumbar Vertebral Bodies](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/4-lumbar-vertebral-bodies/) - 4 Lumbar Vertebral Bodies A Hologic lumbar spine DXA image which may show 4 lumbar vertebral bodies. Case Description: This DXA scan shows 4 lumbar vertebral bodies with the sacrum below and a rib bearing vertebral body above the lumbar spine region of interest. There may be several possibilites when viewing a segmentation - [AFF identified on hip DXA](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/aff-identified-on-hip-dxa/) - AFF identified on hip DXA Figure 1A: Left hip DXA Figure 1B: Right hip DXA Figure 2A: Left hip x-ray Case Description: 84 year old Asian female with 10 years of oral bisphosphonate therapy due to low bone mass (osteopenia) and breast cancer (aromatase inhibitor therapy). Left hip DXA image shows localized endosteal - [Pseudo-AFF on hip DXA](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/pseudo-aff-on-hip-dxa/) - Pseudo-AFF on hip DXA Figure 1A: Left hip DXA, arrow shows bony protrusion from the lateral cortical subtrochanteric femur. Figure 1B: X-ray left hip shows bony exostosis from the lateral cortical subtrochanteric femur. Figure 2A: X-ray knees shows multiple bony exostoses. Case Description: 58 year old woman undergoing DXA after right hip fracture. - [The Third Trochanter](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/the-third-trochanter/) - The Third Trochanter The red arrow in the image points to the third trochanter. Case description: The third trochanter is a boney prominence or tubercule under the greater trochanter in the superior part of the gluteal tuberosity. The greater and lesser trochanters are the usual anatomic trochanters in hip scanning. It is important - [Bariatric Surgery Lap Band Artifact](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/bariatric-surgery-lap-band-artifact-2/) - Bariatric Surgery Lap Band Artifact There is a Lap Band port and tubing lateral to L1-L3 on the Hologic spine DXA image. The undo view shows that the internal artifact would be omitted from the soft tissue baseline. There is a Lap Band port and tubing lateral to L1-L3 on the Hologic spine - [Bariatric Surgery Lap Band Artifact](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/bariatric-surgery-lap-band-artifact/) - Bariatric Surgery Lap Band Artifact There is a Lap Band port overlying L3 and L4 on the Hologic DXA image. Because the internal artifact is overlying bone, L3 and L4 would be omitted from analysis. This scout abdominal image from a CT scan shows the LapBand artifact which is seen on the lumbar - [Bariatric Surgery Artifacts- LapBand Port](https://iscd.org/dxaatlas/bariatric-surgery-artifacts-lapband-port/) - Bariatric Surgery Artifacts- LapBand Port There is a lapband port lateral to L3 on the left. L4 was omitted from analysis because of sclerosis and discordance. The additional image shows the “undo” view from the Hologic scan. This view confirms that the port is outlined and removed from the soft tissue baseline. This ## Public Policies - [Alabama](https://iscd.org/public_policy/alabama/) - NO LICENSURE OR CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENT. Back to the Public Policy Map - [Wyoming](https://iscd.org/public_policy/wyoming/) - LIMITED LICENSURE. See the Wyoming State Board of Radiologic Technologists 017-5 Wyo. Code R. § 5-5 Restricted License. In addition to the documents required in Section 1(a) an applicant for restricted licensure as a radiologic technician shall request an official exam score verifying successful completion of the Limited Scope Examination, and/or the Bone Densitometry Equipment - [Wisconsin](https://iscd.org/public_policy/wisconsin/) - Individuals performing bone densitometry are exempt from any certification or licensure requirements. See Wisconsin Department of Safety and Professional Services 462.01 Definitions. In this chapter: (1) “Board” means the radiography examining board. (2) “Bone densitometry” means the quantitative assessment of bone mass using single or dual-energy X−ray absorptiometry. (3) “Department” means the department of safety - [West Virginia](https://iscd.org/public_policy/west_virginia/) - An individual must be ARRT or NMTCB certified or had demonstrated to the Board of Medicine, prior to 1991, that you had practiced as an RT for the limited practice of bone densitometry for 5 years, practiced under the supervision of a licensed practitioner and were certified by ISCD to perform bone density testing. The - [Washington](https://iscd.org/public_policy/washington/) - FULL RT REQUIRED OR HAVE MET THE ALTERNATIVE QUALIFICATIONS ESTABLISHED UNDER SECTION 1 OF WAC 246-926-110. See Washington Department of Health, Office of Radiation Protection § 18.84.080. Certification — Qualifications (1) The secretary shall issue a certificate to any applicant who demonstrates to the secretary’s satisfaction, that the following requirements have been met to practice - [Virginia](https://iscd.org/public_policy/virginia/) - ISCD CERTIFICATION ACCEPTED. AN INDIVIDUAL MUST BE ISCD OR ARRT CERTIFIED TO PERFORM BONE DENSITY TESTING. See Virginia Department of Health, X-Ray Registration, and Certification 18 VAC 85-101-60. Licensure requirements A. An applicant for licensure by examination as a radiologic technologist-limited shall submit: 1. The required application and fee as prescribed by the board; 2. - [Vermont](https://iscd.org/public_policy/vermont/) - ARRT OR NMTCB CERTIFICATION IS REQUIRED WITH AN EXCEPTION FOR INDIVIDUALS WHO PERFORM QCT BONE DENSITOMETRY WHO MUST OBTAIN POST PRIMARY CERTIFICATION IN CT IN ADDITION TO PRIMARY CERTIFICATION. THERE IS AN EXEMPTION FROM LICENSURE FOR RESEARCHERS OPERATING BONE DENSITOMETRY EQUIPMENT FOR BODY COMPOSITION UPON SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF COURSES ON BODY COMPOSITION AND RADIATION SAFETY - [Utah](https://iscd.org/public_policy/utah/) - INDIVIDUALS MUST BE LICENSED AS A RADIOLOGY PRACTICAL TECHNICIAN WHICH REQUIRES PASSING THE ARRT BONE DENSITOMETRY EQUIPMENT OPERATORS EXAMINATION (BDEO) WITH A MINIMUM SCORE OF 75%. See Utah Department of Commerce, Division of Occupational and Professional Licensing Utah Administrative Code R156-54-302b. Examination Requirements – Radiology Practical Technician. In accordance with Subsection 58-54-302(3), the examination requirement - [Texas](https://iscd.org/public_policy/texas/) - AN INDIVIDUAL MUST BE ISCD CERTIFIED IN GOOD STANDING, ARRT (BD) OR PROVIDE PROOF OF 20 HOURS OF TRAINING, AS SPECIFIED BELOW. See Texas Department of State Health Services, Texas Board of Medical Radiologic Technology, Title 22, Part 9, Rule 194.15 Bone Densitometry Training (a) The provisions of this section do not apply to a - [Tennesse](https://iscd.org/public_policy/tennesse/) - AN INDIVIDUAL MUST HAVE EITHER ARRT-BD OR A LIMITED RADIOLOGICAL CERTIFICATION IN BONE DENSITY WHICH REQUIRES PASSING THE ARRT BONE DENSITOMETRY EQUIPMENT OPERATORS EXAM WITH A SCORE OF AT LEAST 65% AND SATISFIED THE OTHER REQUIREMENTS LISTED IN SECTION 0880-5-.11. See Tennessee Board of Medical Examiners, Division of Radiological Health 0880-5-.11 BONE DENSITOMETRY. All persons - [South Dakota](https://iscd.org/public_policy/south_dakota/) - NO LICENSURE OR CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENT. Back to the Public Policy Map - [Rhode Island](https://iscd.org/public_policy/rhode_island/) - AN INDIVIDUAL MUST BE ARRT, NMTCD CERTIFIED (FULL RT). See Rhode Island Department of Health, Board of Radiologic Technology F.12.3 Operators of bone densitometry systems shall be: (a) Licensed as a practitioner of the healing arts; or (b) Individuals who possess a current license in accordance with the Rules and Regulations for the Licensure of - [Pennsylvania](https://iscd.org/public_policy/pennsylvania/) - AN INDIVIDUAL MUST BE ISCD OR ARRT CERTIFIED TO PERFORM BONE DENSITY TESTING. IF BONE DENSITY IS PERFORMED IN A HOSPITAL REGULATED BY THE DOH, THE PERSON SHALL MEET THE BRP RADIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS OF 25 PA. CODE § 215.24(C). Pennsylvania Bureau of Radiation Protection Back to the Public Policy Map - [Oregon](https://iscd.org/public_policy/oregon/) - AN INDIVIDUAL MUST BE ARRT CERTIFIED OR HAVE A LIMITED X-RAY MACHINE OPERATOR PERMIT IN BONE DENSITOMETRY TO PERFORM BONE DENSITY TESTING. Oregon Board of Medical Imaging ORS § 688.515 (2009) 688.515 Limited X-ray machine operator permit; fees; qualifications; rules. (1) The Board of Medical Imaging shall issue a limited X-ray machine operator permit to - [Oklahoma](https://iscd.org/public_policy/oklahoma/) - NO LICENSURE OR CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENT. Back to the Public Policy Map - [Ohio](https://iscd.org/public_policy/ohio/) - LIMITED LICENSES ALLOWED: RADIOLOGIC LICENSES ARE ISSUED FOR THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES: RADIOGRAPHER, NUCLEAR MEDICINE TECHNOLOGIST, RADIATION THERAPIST, AND GENERAL X-RAY MACHINE OPERATOR (GXMO). Approves ISCD courses for continuing education; See the Ohio Department of Health Chapter 3701-72 Licensing of Radiation Handlers Operating in Medical Setting 3701-72-01 Definitions. (J) “General x-ray machine operator” or “limited scope - [North Dakota](https://iscd.org/public_policy/north_dakota/) - ISCD CERTIFICATION ALLOWED-See North Dakota Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy Board, Regulations 114-02-01-03. Bone densitometry technologist. 1. “Bone densitometry technologist” shall satisfactorily complete a course of study in bone densitometry. The individual: a. May perform such procedures only while under the general supervision of a licensed practitioner. (1) Must hold current registration and certification in - [North Carolina](https://iscd.org/public_policy/north_carolina/) - NO LICENSURE OR CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENT. Back to the Public Policy Map - [New York](https://iscd.org/public_policy/new_york/) - FULL RT REQUIRED, See New York Department of Health, Radiologic Technology New York Radiation Control Regulations Back to the Public Policy Map - [New Mexico](https://iscd.org/public_policy/new_mexico/) - LIMITED LICENSE. See New Mexico Environment Department Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy Program TITLE 20 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION CHAPTER 3 RADIATION PROTECTION PART 20 RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY CERTIFICATION 20.3.20.1 ISSUING AGENCY: Environmental Improvement Board. 20.3.20.2 SCOPE: All persons engaged in the practice of radiologic technology in the application of ionizing radiation. 20.3.20.3 STATUTORY AUTHORITY: Medical Radiation Health - [New Jersey](https://iscd.org/public_policy/new_jersey/) - FULL RT REQUIRED. See New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Diagnostic Radiologic Technology See link here. Back to the Public Policy Map - [New Hampshire](https://iscd.org/public_policy/new_hampshire/) - ISCD CERTIFICATION RECOGNIZED. See Occupations and Professions, Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy 328-J:11 Licensure; Medical Imaging Professionals and Radiation Therapists. The board shall issue licenses to individuals who meet the following qualifications: Limited x-ray machine operator license. To qualify for a license as a limited x-ray machine operator, an applicant shall meet the following requirements: - [Nevada](https://iscd.org/public_policy/nevada/) - NO LICENSURE OR CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENT. Back to the Public Policy Map - [Nebraska](https://iscd.org/public_policy/nebraska/) - LIMITED LICENSE IN BONE DENSITOMETRY ALLOWED. See Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services, Medical Radiography R.R.S. Neb.38-1918 38-1918. Educational programs; testing; requirements. (ii) (3) The examination for limited radiographers in bone density shall include, but not be limited to, basic concepts of bone densitometry, equipment operation and quality control, radiation safety, and dual X-ray - [Montana](https://iscd.org/public_policy/montana/) - ISCD CERTIFICATION RECOGNIZED. See Montana Department of Labor and Industry, Board of Radiologic Technologists 24.204.504 PERMITS – PRACTICE LIMITATIONS Upon successful completion of the required formal training and the required examination, the board may issue a limited permit to the applicant which specifies the x-ray procedures the limited permit holder is authorized to perform. The - [Missouri](https://iscd.org/public_policy/missouri/) - NO LICENSURE OR CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENT. Back to the Public Policy Map - [Mississippi](https://iscd.org/public_policy/mississippi/) - LIMITED MACHINE OPERATORS ALLOWED. See the State Board of Medical Licensure Part 2621 Chapter 1: Limited X-Ray Machine Operator Rule 1.1 Scope. Pursuant to Mississippi Code §41-58-3, an individual who applies ionizing radiation in a physician’s office, radiology clinic, or a licensed hospital in Mississippi under the specific direction of a licensed practitioner shall be - [Minnesota](https://iscd.org/public_policy/minnesota/) - AN INDIVIDUAL MUST FALL INTO ONE OF THE FOLLOWING FIVE CATEGORIES TO PERFORM BONE DENSITY TESTING: 1. Practitioner of the healing arts, physician assistant, registered radiologist assistant or Radiology Practitioner Assistant 2. ARRT certified 3. ARRT(BD) 4. Individuals who were registered as x-ray operators between December 1996 and December 2007 5. Limited scope operator who - [Michigan](https://iscd.org/public_policy/michigan/) - There is NO Licensure or Certification requirement to perform bone density testing. Back to the Public Policy Map - [Massachusetts](https://iscd.org/public_policy/massachusetts/) - ISCD CERTIFICATION ACCEPTED. See Massachusetts Department of Public Health 1105 CMR 120.410 Bone densitometry systems shall be: (1) Certified by the manufacturer pursuant to the Medical Device Act and Subchapter C – Electronic Product Radiation Control (EPRC) of Chapter V of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act.; (2) Registered in accordance with 120.020 of - [Maryland](https://iscd.org/public_policy/maryland/) - NO CERTIFICATION OR LICENSURE REQUIRED FOR TECHNOLOGISTS PERFORMING BONE DENSITOMETRY. See Maryland Department of Health, Maryland Board of Physicians The applicant shall complete an application supplied by the Board: Be of good moral character. Be at least 18 years old. Pay the application fee. Graduation from a JRCERT-accredited radiation therapy or radiography program or a - [Maine](https://iscd.org/public_policy/maine/) - FULL RT REQUIRED-See Professional and Financial Regulation, Radiologic Technology Board of Examiners TITLE 32. PROFESSIONS AND OCCUPATIONS CHAPTER 103. MEDICAL RADIATION HEALTH AND SAFETY ACT 32 M.R.S. § 9855 (2010) 4. Limited radiographer license. For those applicants wishing to be licensed only for the limited purpose of using ionizing radiation for imaging purposes in the - [Louisiana](https://iscd.org/public_policy/louisiana/) - In a physician’s office, the physician must annually file a certification that an individual employed as a private radiologic technologist is proficient in, and is competent to perform, the functions of a private radiologic technologist. In all other settings, an individual must be ARRT certified to perform bone density testing. See both the professional and - [Kentucky](https://iscd.org/public_policy/kentucky/) - LIMITED LICENSE FOR BONE DENSITOMETRY. See the Kentucky Board of Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy 201 KAR 46:081. Limited X-Ray machine operator. NECESSITY, FUNCTION, AND CONFORMITY: KRS 311B.050 requires the Board of Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy to promulgate administrative regulations to establish the procedures for the issuance and renewal of a license. KRS 311B.100(2) - [Kansas](https://iscd.org/public_policy/kansas/) - FULL RT REQUIRED. See Kansas Department of Health, Kansas Board of the Healing Arts 65-7303. Unlawful representations; lawful activities under the act. (a) On and after October 1, 2005, except as otherwise provided in this act, no person shall perform radiologic technology procedures on humans for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes unless the person possesses a - [Iowa](https://iscd.org/public_policy/iowa/) - PERMIT REQUIRED FOR AN X-RAY EQUIPMENT OPERATOR IN BONE DENSITOMETRY. The ISCD certification satisfies the requirements for this permit. See Iowa Department of Public Health Regulations 641—42.10(136C) Permit to practice as an X-ray equipment operator in either podiatric radiography or bone densitometry. After January 1, 2015, all individuals performing only bone densitometry must hold a - [Indiana](https://iscd.org/public_policy/indiana/) - LICENSE REQUIRED BUT BONE DENSITOMETRY EXEMPT. See Indiana State Department of Health, Medical Radiology Services Program 410 IAC 5.2-2-1 Exemptions IC 16-41-35-26; IC 16-41-35-28; IC 16-41-35-29 IC 16-41-35 Sec. 1. (a) The following individuals are exempt from the requirements of this article: (1) Physicians. (2) Dentists. (3) Chiropractors. (4) Podiatrists. (5) Dental hygienists. (6) Operators - [Illinois](https://iscd.org/public_policy/illinois/) - BONE DENISTOMETRY EXEMPTED FROM LICENSURE. See Illinois Emergency Management Agency, RADIATION PROTECTION PART 401 ACCREDITING PERSONS IN THE PRACTICE OF MEDICAL RADIATION TECHNOLOGY Section 401.30 Exemptions (c) Exemptions shall include: • A student enrolled in an approved program applicable to his/her profession who, as a part of his/her course of study, applies ionizing radiation to - [Idaho](https://iscd.org/public_policy/idaho/) - NO LICENSURE OR CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENT. Back to the Public Policy Map - [Hawaii](https://iscd.org/public_policy/hawaii/) - FULL RT REQUIRED See Department of Health, Indoor and Radiological Health Branch Regulations 11-44-5 Minimum eligibility requirements for license. (a) An applicant for a license to practice as a radiographer or radiation therapist shall submit to the board written evidence, verified by oath or affirmation, that the applicant is registered with the American Registry of Radiologic - [Georgia](https://iscd.org/public_policy/georgia/) - NO LICENSURE OR CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENT, but six hours of training is required. See Department of Human Resources, Diagnostic Services Unit 290-5-22-.04 X-Rays in the Healing Arts. (1) Scope. This part establishes requirements, for which a registrant is responsible, for use of x-ray equipment by or under the supervision of an individual authorized in accordance with - [Florida](https://iscd.org/public_policy/florida/) - NO RECOGNITION OF ISCD CERTIFICATION -All active certificate holders except basic x-ray machine operators-podiatry and magnetic resonance imaging technologists may perform bone densitometry as long as they compete for a device-specific training program. See Florida Department of Health, Radiologic Technology, Licensing 64E-3.007 Bone Densitometry. All active certificate holders except basic x-ray machine operators-podiatry, nuclear medicine - [District of Columbia](https://iscd.org/public_policy/district_of_columbia/) - NO LICENSURE OR CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENT. Back to the Public Policy Map - [Delaware](https://iscd.org/public_policy/delaware/) - ISCD CERTTIFICATION ACCEPTED. See the Department of Public Health, Office of Radiation Control 6.2.1 The Agency shall accept an application for credentialing from any Radiation Technologist/Technician who is at least 18 years of age, or who is currently enrolled in and attending an educational program in radiation technology and who pays a non-refundable application and - [Connecticut](https://iscd.org/public_policy/connecticut/) - ISCD CERTIFICATION ACCEPTED. See the Department of Public Health Sec. 20-74ee. (a) (4) Nothing in subsection © of section 19a-14, sections 20-74aa to 20-74cc, inclusive, and this section shall be construed to require licensure as a radiographer or to limit the activities of a technologist certified by the International Society for Clinical Densitometry or the - [Colorado](https://iscd.org/public_policy/colorado/) - ISCD CERTIFICATION ACCEPTED. See the Department of Public Health and Environment 6 CCR 1007-1 PART 2, APPENDIX 2F: BONE DENSITOMETRY (BD) ADEQUATE RADIATION SAFETY TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE The registrant shall require each bone densitometry equipment operator (BDEO) to be an individual at least 18 years of age who: 2F.1 Is certified or registered by: 2F.1.1 - [California](https://iscd.org/public_policy/california/) - NO RECOGNITION OF ISCD CERTIFICATION. See the Californian Department of Public Health, Division of Radiation Safety. § 30444. Eligibility for and Issuance of Limited Permits. (a) To be eligible for any of the limited permit categories listed in section 30442 an applicant shall: (1) Submit to the Department an acceptable application containing: (A) The legal - [Arkansas](https://iscd.org/public_policy/arkansas/) - NO LICENSURE OR CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENT.-See Arkansas Department of Public Health 17-106-111. Exemptions. (a)(1) Dentists, dental hygienists, registered dental assistants with the expanded duty of radiography, radiation health physicists, radiation medical physicists, chiropractic externs, bone densitometrists, and certified medical dosimetrists are excluded from this chapter. (2) Any exemptions from the provisions of this chapter are exclusive - [Arizona](https://iscd.org/public_policy/arizona/) - Practical Technologist in Bone Densitometry License Required. Department of Health Services Occupational Licensing – Administrative Code – Chapter 16 Citation 9 A.A.C. 16 R9-16-605. Eligibility and Scope of Practice for Practical Technologist in Bone Densitometry A. An individual is eligible for certification as a practical technologist in bone densitometry if the individual: Is at least - [Alaska](https://iscd.org/public_policy/alaska/) - NO LICENSURE OR CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENT. Back to the Public Policy Map - [South Carolina](https://iscd.org/public_policy/south_carolina/) - ISCD CERTIFICATION ACCEPTED-AN INDIVIDUAL MAY BE ARRT, NMTCB, RCIS OR ISCD CERTIFIED TO BECOME CERTIFIED IN SOUTH CAROLINA. THERE IS ALSO A 2 YEAR TEMPORARY CERTIFICATE WHICH REQUIRES RADIATION SAFETY TRAINING, MANUFACTURERS TRAINING AND 12 HOURS OF CE WORKING TOWARD PASSAGE OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA BONE DENSITOMETRY EXAM ADMINISTERED BY ARRT. South Carolina Radiation Quality ## Resources - [Bone Health Echo by Osteoporosis Foundation of New Mexico](https://iscd.org/resources/bone-health-echo-by-osteoporosis-foundation-of-new-mexico/) - Bone Health TeleECHO, every Tuesday, 12:00 Noon to 1:30 PM Mountain Time Dear Colleague, Bone Health ECHO (Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes), is a telementoring program for osteoporosis and metabolic bone disease developed by Project ECHO (http://echo.unm.edu/) at the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center and the Osteoporosis Foundation of New Mexico (http://www.ofnm.org). This - [International Working Group on DXA Best Practices:](https://iscd.org/resources/international-working-group-on-dxa-best-practices/) - International Working Group on DXA Best Practices: Updated practice guideline for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) | European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Osteoporotic Fractures: Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Significance From the International Working Group on DXA Best Practices - PubMed - [European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis (ESCEO) TBS guidance:](https://iscd.org/resources/european-society-for-clinical-and-economic-aspects-of-osteoporosis-esceo-tbs-guidance/) - European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis (ESCEO) TBS guidance: Update on the clinical use of trabecular bone score (TBS) in the management of osteoporosis: results of an expert group meeting organized by the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO), and the International Osteoporosis Foundation - [ACR-SPR*SSR Practice Parameters for the Performance of DXA ](https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=48) - [ISCD/NOF FRAX Implementation Guide](https://iscd.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/FRAXImplementationGuide_000.pdf) - [ISCD White Paper on radiation safety and precision assessment ](https://iscd.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Radiation-Safety-White-Paper.pdf) - [IKON Healthcare](https://ikonhc.com/) - [ISCD & IOF Official Positions (Frax)](/learn/official-positions/frax-positions/) - [ISCD Official Positions (Pediatric)](/learn/official-positions/pediatric-positions/) - [ISCD Official Positions (Adults)](/official-positions-2023/) - [Fitnescity Health](https://iscd.org/resources/fitnescity/) - At the Heart of Fitnescity Health We’re on a mission to make preventive health testing accessible, insight-driven, and truly consumer-first. By connecting leading providers, advanced diagnostics, and personalized analytics, we help people understand their bodies, track progress, and make informed decisions—before problems arise. At Fitnescity Health, we believe prevention is the future of medicine. And - [Hologic](https://iscd.org/resources/hologic/) - We support women at every stage of life. Hologic develops life-changing medical technologies designed to achieve exceptional clinical results and help healthcare professionals treat each patient with ever-greater certainty. We are passionate about being a force for good in the world. We champion women’s health globally, working in partnership with others to raise awareness and - [Endocrine Society Guidelines](https://www.endocrine.org/clinical-practice-guidelines) - [ISCD Member Benefits How to’s](https://iscd.org/resources/iscd-member-benefits-how-tos/) - We have created brief step-by-step instructions for some of the Frequently Asked Questions that we receive regarding the ISCD Member Benefits. Below you will find a list of the available “how-to documents” for member benefits that we hope you will find helpful. If you need additional assistance, please contact iscd@iscd.org. - [ISCD Learning Center How to's](https://iscd.org/resources/iscd-learning-center-how-tos/) - We have created brief step-by-step instructions for some of the Frequently Asked Questions that we receive regarding the ISCD Learning Center. Below you will find a list of the available “how-to documents” for our online learning center that we hope you will find helpful. If you need additional assistance, please contact iscd@iscd.org. - [MY ISCD How to’s](https://iscd.org/resources/my-iscd-how-tos/) - We have created brief step-by-step instructions for some of the Frequently Asked Questions that we receive regarding your My ISCD portal and profile. Below you will find a list of the available “how-to documents” that we hope you will find helpful. If you need additional assistance, please contact iscd@iscd.org. [/accordion-item] [/accordion] - [Regional Panel Activities](/2025/04/22/2025-iscd-regional-panel-activities/) - [OsteoSys](https://iscd.org/resources/osteosys/) - For the better future of humankind, Osteosys will offer our customers with the better products by endless passion, innovation, and trust. - [AACE Guidelines](https://pro.aace.com/clinical-guidance/bone-and-parathyroid) - [American College of Rheumatology](https://rheumatology.org/glucocorticoid-induced-osteoporosis-guideline) - [How to offer an ISCD Course Internationally](/local-organizing-committee-loc/) - [Calculators](https://iscd.org/resources/calculators/) - As a service to professionals in the field of Bone Densitometry, we have developed a number of tools. The Precision Calculating Tool and Bone Loss Calculator are available to all registered visitors. The Advanced Precision Calculating Tool and the Cross Calibration Tool are only available for access by ISCD members. If you have any problems accessing the tools please - [ISCD DXA Machine Cross Calibration Tool (Members Only)](https://iscd.org/resources/iscd-dxa-machine-cross-calibration-tool/) - [Calendar of Events](/international-events/) - [Chinese translation of Official Positions](/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ISCD-2023-OP-Adult-Traditional-Chinese-version-ver-1.4.pdf) - [Regional Panels](/regional-panels/) - [Other Calculators](https://iscd.org/resources/other-calculators/) - We provide the following Fracture Risk Calculators for those involved in the clinical practice of bone densitometry, skeletal health assessment, and fracture reduction. Listing does not imply endorsement by ISCD and we make no statements as the scientific validity or usefulness of any of the below listed risk calculators. Other information on Fracture Risk Models can be - [Glossary](https://iscd.org/resources/glossary/) - Glossary ISCD International Society for Clinical Densitometry This non-profit medical society dedicated to high quality in the field of bone densitometry. DXA Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry This is the most common technology for measuring BMD of the spine, hip, or forearm. ROI Region of Interest A portion of the skeletal site selected for BMD measurement, - [Public Policy Resources](/public-policy-resources/) - [6. Are the Comparisons of Your DXA Scans Reliable](https://iscd.org/resources/6-are-the-comparisons-of-your-dxa-scans-reliable/) - Members of the ISCD Marketing, Communications and Membership Committee have thoughtfully designed the following patient resources to support both medical professionals performing DXA scans and the patients receiving DXA scans. Each topic has a downloadable pdf file as well as a recording of the pdf that we hope will help answer questions that patients commonly ask or - [5. How to Know if You’ve Had a Good Quality DXA Scan](https://iscd.org/resources/5-how-to-know-if-youve-had-a-good-quality-dxa-scan/) - Members of the ISCD Marketing, Communications and Membership Committee have thoughtfully designed the following patient resources to support both medical professionals performing DXA scans and the patients receiving DXA scans. Each topic has a downloadable pdf file as well as a recording of the pdf that we hope will help answer questions that patients commonly ask or - [4. What Does it Mean if I Have Poor Bone Density Test Results](https://iscd.org/resources/4-what-does-it-mean-if-i-have-poor-bone-density-test-results/) - Members of the ISCD Marketing, Communications and Membership Committee have thoughtfully designed the following patient resources to support both medical professionals performing DXA scans and the patients receiving DXA scans. Each topic has a downloadable pdf file as well as a recording of the pdf that we hope will help answer questions that patients commonly ask or - [3. Understanding Your Bone Density Test Results](https://iscd.org/resources/3-understanding-your-bone-density-test-results/) - Members of the ISCD Marketing, Communications and Membership Committee have thoughtfully designed the following patient resources to support both medical professionals performing DXA scans and the patients receiving DXA scans. Each topic has a downloadable pdf file as well as a recording of the pdf that we hope will help answer questions that patients commonly ask or - [2. Which Bones Are Scanned for a DXA Bone Density Test](https://iscd.org/resources/2-which-bones-are-scanned-for-a-dxa-bone-density-test/) - Members of the ISCD Marketing, Communications and Membership Committee have thoughtfully designed the following patient resources to support both medical professionals performing DXA scans and the patients receiving DXA scans. Each topic has a downloadable pdf file as well as a recording of the pdf that we hope will help answer questions that patients commonly ask or - [1. What to Expect When You Are Having a DXA Scan](https://iscd.org/resources/1-what-to-expect-when-you-are-having-a-dxa-scan/) - Members of the ISCD Marketing, Communications and Membership Committee have thoughtfully designed the following patient resources to support both medical professionals performing DXA scans and the patients receiving DXA scans. Each topic has a downloadable pdf file as well as a recording of the pdf that we hope will help answer questions that patients commonly ask or - [Precision Assessment & Calculator FAQs](https://iscd.org/resources/precision-assessment-calculator-faqs/) - What is precision assessment? Precision is reproducibility of a measurement. Precision assessment in the field of bone densitometry is the process whereby the ability of the instrument and the technologist to reproduce similar results, given no real biologic change, is tested. The mathematical result of precision assessment is called the precision error. Is precision different - [IOF Positions and Statements](https://www.osteoporosis.foundation/news-room/tags/iof-positions-and-statements) - [BHOF Guidelines](https://www.bonesource.org/clinical-guidelines) - [Amgen](https://iscd.org/resources/amgen/) - Amgen harnesses the best of biology and technology to fight the world’s toughest diseases, and make people’s lives easier, fuller and longer. We discover, develop, manufacture and deliver innovative medicines to help millions of patients. Amgen helped establish the biotechnology industry more than 40 years ago and remains on the cutting-edge of innovation, using technology - [Radius](https://iscd.org/resources/radius/) - At Radius, patients are our everything… Our Mission We are a biopharmaceutical company dedicated to transforming the future for underserved, global patient populations in bone health and related therapeutic areas. We consistently embrace opportunities to improve the lives of our patients, their caregivers, our communities, our partners, and each other. - [Perth Radiological Clinic](https://iscd.org/resources/perth-radiological-clinic/) - We don’t just take care of your imaging, we take care of you. Integrated specialist expertise Our diagnostic excellence is built on our cutting-edge technology and our highly experienced specialist radiologists. Convenient and accessible The scale of PRC means we are geographically able to help more people across more than 20 convenient locations. Quality - [Medimaps Group](https://iscd.org/resources/medimaps-group/) - Who we are Founded by medical practitioners and clinical researchers, Medimaps combines Swiss innovation with a global presence to lead in bone health management.​ We provide healthcare professionals worldwide with advanced AI-driven software that enables comprehensive bone microarchitecture assessment. Our passion for musculoskeletal health is underpinned by scientific knowledge, collaborations with world-class academics, clinicians, industry partners, and direct - [GE Healthcare](https://iscd.org/resources/ge-healthcare/) - Enabling the human side of healthcare At GE HealthCare, we see possibilities through innovation. We’re partnering with our customers to fulfill healthcare’s greatest potential through groundbreaking medical technology, intelligent devices, and care solutions. Better tools enabling better patient care. Together, we are not only building a healthier future but living our purpose to create a - [DEXA Solutions](https://iscd.org/resources/dexa-solutions/) - Our Company At DEXA Solutions, our team believes in being good people. We know how to take care of our customers and employees—and for that reason, we’re successful in what we do. Our DXA Equipment Services At DEXA Solutions, we’re the go-to experts for GE Lunar and Hologic bone densitometers. Whether you require general repairs, high-quality parts, system relocations, or training - [Cardea Technology](https://iscd.org/resources/cardea-technology/) - Software Development Done Right Cardea Technology is a boutique software engineering company. We solve problems using software. Find Out More - [Bone Clubs](https://iscd.org/resources/bone-clubs/) - [DXA Report Examples](https://iscd.org/resources/dxa-report-examples/) - ISCD has compiled Examples and Samples of various skeletal health assessment reports that meet the ISCD Official Positions. These are meant to be used as a tool to develop your own report template and highlights the material that should be included in a report. These samples and examples should be altered based on clinical judgement, and - [Orthogeriatrics](https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-48126-1) - [DXA Best Practices](/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Best-Practices-DXA-Article.pdf) ## Knowledge Base FAQs - [What are the steps to submit a purchase order?](https://iscd.org/?echo_kb_faq=what-are-the-steps-to-submit-a-purchase-order) - Here's the process to submit a purchase order: Fill out the purchase order form. Obtain the necessary approvals from your manager or department head. Submit the approved purchase order to the procurement team. - [Where can I find templates for customer presentations?](https://iscd.org/?echo_kb_faq=where-can-i-find-templates-for-customer-presentations) - We have a library of customer presentation templates within the Sales & Marketing section of our knowledge base. - [What is the process for requesting time off?](https://iscd.org/?echo_kb_faq=what-is-the-process-for-requesting-time-off) - Access our Time Off Request form. Fill out the form, including your desired dates and any relevant notes. Submit the form to your manager for approval. ## Venues - [Rotana Babylon Hotel](https://iscd.org/venue/rotana-babylon-hotel/) - [Jing Fu Alumni Hall](https://iscd.org/venue/jing-fu-alumni-hall/) - [Eldorado Hotel](https://iscd.org/venue/eldorado-hotel/) - [Capital Hilton](https://iscd.org/venue/capital-hilton/) - [Frederiksdal Sinatur Hotel & Konference](https://iscd.org/venue/frederiksdal-sinatur-hotel-konference/) - [The Royal Sonesta Minneapolis Downtown](https://iscd.org/venue/the-royal-sonesta-minneapolis-downtown/) ## Organizers - [ISCD](https://iscd.org/organizer/iscd/) - [Iraqi League for Bone & Joint Health](https://iscd.org/organizer/iraqi-league-for-bone-joint-health/) - [Taiwanese Osteoporosis Association](https://iscd.org/organizer/taiwanese-osteoporosis-association/) - [Swedish Fracture Prevention (AB)](https://iscd.org/organizer/swedish-fracture-prevention-ab/) - [Swedish Fracture Prevention (AB)](https://iscd.org/organizer/swedish-fracture-prevention-ab/) - [Osteoporosis Foundation of New Mexico (OFNM)](https://iscd.org/organizer/osteoporosis-foundation-of-new-mexico-ofnm/) - [American Orthopaedic Association (AOA)](https://iscd.org/organizer/american-orthopaedic-association-aoa/) - [Bone Health and Osteoporosis Foundation (BHOF)](https://iscd.org/organizer/bone-health-and-osteoporosis-foundation-bhof/) - [Danish Diabetes and Endocrinology Academy](https://iscd.org/organizer/danish-diabetes-and-endocrinology-academy/) ## Events - [2027 Position Development and Musculoskeletal Health Conference](https://iscd.org/event/2027-position-development-and-musculoskeletal-health-conference/) - Save the Date - April 15 - 17, 2027 Minneapolis, MN Join us for the 2027 Position Development & Musculoskeletal Health Conference April 15- 17. The Conference will be held at the Royal Sonesta Downtown in Minneapolis, MN. We look forward to gathering face to face for educational sessions, exhibit hall, networking opportunities and the position development - [ISCD Quality Bone Densitometry For Clinicians (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians-livestream-via-zoom-15/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians The core elements of this course serve to educate healthcare providers about bone densitometry and osteoporosis and to apply standard practices to assure quality performance and interpretation of bone densitometry studies. The course is offered in two parts. The first day sets the standard to - [IFMRS Herbert Fleisch Workshop on Metabolic Bone Disease: Europe 2026](https://iscd.org/event/ifmrs-herbert-fleisch-workshop-on-metabolic-bone-disease-europe-2026/) - Herbert Fleisch Workshop 2026 on Metabolic Bone Disease The Herbert Fleisch Workshop 2026 in Denmark will support early- and mid-career scientists in advancing translational musculoskeletal research through mentoring, interdisciplinary exchange, and public engagement. The scientific program covers bone health in the light of obesity and sex hormones, the treasure of big data, cellular cross talk - [Iraqi League for Bone & Joint Health Hosts Quality Bone Densitometry for Clinicians](https://iscd.org/event/iraqi-league-for-bone-joint-health-hosts-quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians September 24, 2026 - September 25, 2026 - [ISCD Quality Bone Densitometry For Clinicians (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians-livestream-via-zoom-17/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians The core elements of this course serve to educate healthcare providers about bone densitometry and osteoporosis and to apply standard practices to assure quality performance and interpretation of bone densitometry studies. The course is offered in two parts. The first day sets the standard to - [ISCD May 2 Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/pediatric-bone-densitometry-course-livestream-via-zoom-6/) - Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course The Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course provides current research and best-practice techniques for the acquisition and interpretation of bone mineral density (BMD) in children and adolescents. This educational program is designed to improve learner competence in pediatric bone densitometry. By completing this course, attendees will gain conceptual and practical knowledge which can - [ISCD May 3 DXA Body Composition Analysis Course (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/dxa-body-composition-analysis-course-livestream-via-zoom-7/) - DXA Body Composition Analysis Course This course focuses on increasing the knowledge and competence of clinicians and other healthcare professionals to help them successfully use DXA body composition analysis in the management of obesity, geriatric sarcopenia and other low muscle mass states, general health and pediatric skeletal disease. The inclusion of case studies will reinforce - [ISCD Orthopedic Osteoporosis and Densitometry Course (May 12 & 19 Multi-day)](https://iscd.org/event/may-12-19-orthopedic-osteoporosis-and-densitometry-course-multi-day/) - Orthopedic Osteoporosis and Densitometry Course This ISCD Orthopedic Osteoporosis and Densitometry Course is a live activity consisting of a variety of sessions in didactic lectures, question and answer sessions and case-based interactive presentations. Overall, this variety of learning formats will allow learners to receive information from leading experts in important topic areas. Further, the structure - [ISCD Quality Bone Densitometry For Technologists (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-technologists-livestream-via-zoom-17/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists The core elements of this program focus on performing quality DXA scans, dissecting the data and applying this knowledge to a technologist’s role in patient care. This course, which focuses on quality DXA, is innovative, interactive and informative. The course emphasizes technical excellence in the performance, - [ISCD Quality Bone Densitometry For Technologists (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-technologists-livestream-via-zoom-15/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists The core elements of this program focus on performing quality DXA scans, dissecting the data and applying this knowledge to a technologist’s role in patient care. This course, which focuses on quality DXA, is innovative, interactive and informative. The course emphasizes technical excellence in the performance, - [ISCD November 7 DXA Body Composition Analysis Course (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/dxa-body-composition-analysis-course-livestream-via-zoom-8/) - DXA Body Composition Analysis Course This course focuses on increasing the knowledge and competence of clinicians and other healthcare professionals to help them successfully use DXA body composition analysis in the management of obesity, geriatric sarcopenia and other low muscle mass states, general health and pediatric skeletal disease. The inclusion of case studies will reinforce - [ISCD November 8 Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/pediatric-bone-densitometry-course-livestream-via-zoom-7/) - Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course The Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course provides current research and best-practice techniques for the acquisition and interpretation of bone mineral density (BMD) in children and adolescents. This educational program is designed to improve learner competence in pediatric bone densitometry. By completing this course, attendees will gain conceptual and practical knowledge which can - [ISCD Quality Bone Densitometry For Technologists (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-technologists-livestream-via-zoom-16/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists The core elements of this program focus on performing quality DXA scans, dissecting the data and applying this knowledge to a technologist’s role in patient care. This course, which focuses on quality DXA, is innovative, interactive and informative. The course emphasizes technical excellence in the performance, - [ISCD Quality Bone Densitometry For Clinicians (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians-livestream-via-zoom-16/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians The core elements of this course serve to educate healthcare providers about bone densitometry and osteoporosis and to apply standard practices to assure quality performance and interpretation of bone densitometry studies. The course is offered in two parts. The first day sets the standard to - [ISCD Clinicians Symposium 2026](https://iscd.org/event/iscd-clinicians-symposium-2026/) - ISCD Clinicians Symposium 2026 ISCD is pleased to announce that the 2026 Virtual Clinicians Symposium will take place on April 11-12, 2026. The program will be completely online, eliminating the need and expense of travel for our clinicians. We are also adjusting the start and end times to accommodate as many time zones as possible. - [ISCD Technologists Symposium 2026](https://iscd.org/event/iscd-technologists-symposium-2026/) - ISCD Technologists Symposium 2026 ISCD is pleased to announce that the 2026 Virtual Technologist Symposium will take place on April 25-26, 2026. The program will be completely online, eliminating the need and expense of travel for our technologists. We are also adjusting the start and end times to accommodate as many time zones as possible. Highlights - [Interdisciplinary Symposium on Osteoporosis 2026](https://iscd.org/event/interdisciplinary-symposium-on-osteoporosis-2026/) - Early Bird registration is now open for the Bone Health & Osteoporosis Foundation’s (BHOF) Interdisciplinary Symposium on Osteoporosis (ISO2026)—a premier educational meeting for professionals dedicated to bone health and osteoporosis prevention and treatment. Join leading experts for in-person educational sessions, networking, and innovative programming in Washington, D.C. at the Capital Hilton, May 28–30, 2026. Don’t - [TOA Hosts Quality Bone Densitometry for Clinicians](https://iscd.org/event/toa-hosts-quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians-4/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians September 19, 2026 - September 20, 2026 - [TOA Hosts Quality Bone Densitometry for Technologists](https://iscd.org/event/toa-hosts-quality-bone-densitometry-for-technologists-2/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists September 19, 2026 - September 20, 2026 - [TOA Hosts Quality Bone Densitometry for Clinicians](https://iscd.org/event/toa-hosts-quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians-3/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians June 6, 2026 - June 7, 2026 - [TOA Hosts Quality Bone Densitometry for Clinicians](https://iscd.org/event/toa-hosts-quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians-2/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians March 7, 2026 - March 8, 2026 - [TOA Hosts Quality Bone Densitometry for Technologists](https://iscd.org/event/toa-hosts-quality-bone-densitometry-for-technologists-3/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists March 7, 2026 - March 8, 2026 - [Believers Church Medical College Hospital Hosts Quality Bone Densitometry for Clinicians](https://iscd.org/event/believers-church-medical-college-hospital-hosts-quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians March 14, 2026 - March 15, 2026 - [Swedish Fracture Prevention AB Hosts Vertebral Fracture Assessment](https://iscd.org/event/swedish-fracture-prevention-ab-hosts-vertebral-fracture-assessment/) - Vertebral Fracture Assessment May 6, 2026 - [Swedish Fracture Prevention AB Hosts Quality Bone Densitometry for Clinicians](https://iscd.org/event/swedish-fracture-prevention-ab-hosts-quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians March 17, 2026 - March 18, 2026 - [Swedish Fracture Prevention AB Hosts Quality Bone Densitometry for Technologists](https://iscd.org/event/swedish-fracture-prevention-ab-hosts-quality-bone-densitometry-for-technologists/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists March 17, 2026 - March 18, 2026 - [2026 Virtual Own the Bone Symposium](https://iscd.org/event/2026-virtual-own-the-bone-symposium/) - 2026 Virtual Own the Bone Symposium Thursday, April 30th, 2026, from 5:00pm – 7:30pm CT Tuesday, May 5th, 2026, from 5:00pm – 7:30pm CT Thursday, May 7th, 2026, from 5:00pm – 8:00pm CT This three-part virtual certificate course highlights how bone health evaluation and management can help to improve patient outcomes both post-fracture and prior - [26th Annual Santa Fe Bone Symposium](https://iscd.org/event/26th-annual-santa-fe-bone-symposium/) - 26th Annual Santa Fe Bone Symposium The 26th Annual Santa Fe Bone Symposium is an annual forum devoted to advances in the science and economics of osteoporosis, metabolic bone disease, and assessment of skeletal health. Presented by the Osteoporosis Foundation of New Mexico (OFNM), this meeting is for healthcare providers, scientists, and researchers with a - [December 3: FRAX for the Technologist: Origins to Current Trends](https://iscd.org/event/frax-for-the-technologist-origins-to-current-trends/) - This course covers the origins of the FRAX (Fracture Risk Assessment) algorithm, to current trends using the FRAX in a clinical setting. The FRAX is used in a variety of ways, and this course will explain why this information is vital for the technologist to know. - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Clinicians (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians-livestream-via-zoom-13/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians The core elements of this course serve to educate healthcare providers about bone densitometry and osteoporosis and to apply standard practices to assure quality performance and interpretation of bone densitometry studies. The course is offered in two parts. The first day sets the standard to - [TOA Hosts DXA Body Composition Analysis](https://iscd.org/event/toa-hosts-dxa-body-composition-analysis/) - DXA Body Composition Analysis November 2, 2025 12:30 PM - 5:30 PM Taipei Time - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Technologists (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-technologists-livestream-via-zoom-13/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists The core elements of this program focus on performing quality DXA scans, dissecting the data and applying this knowledge to a technologist’s role in patient care. This course, which focuses on quality DXA, is innovative, interactive and informative. The course emphasizes technical excellence in the performance, - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Technologists (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-technologists-livestream-via-zoom-14/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists The core elements of this program focus on performing quality DXA scans, dissecting the data and applying this knowledge to a technologist’s role in patient care. This course, which focuses on quality DXA, is innovative, interactive and informative. The course emphasizes technical excellence in the performance, - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Clinicians (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians-livestream-via-zoom-14/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians The core elements of this course serve to educate healthcare providers about bone densitometry and osteoporosis and to apply standard practices to assure quality performance and interpretation of bone densitometry studies. The course is offered in two parts. The first day sets the standard to - [TOA Hosts Quality Bone Densitometry for Clinicians](https://iscd.org/event/toa-hosts-quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians June 21, 2025 - June 22, 2025 [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Click Here for more Info" link="https://www.toa1997.org.tw/events/content.php?id=579&t=0"] - [IOF Regional: 9th Asia-Pacific Bone Health Conference](https://iscd.org/event/iof-regional-9th-asia-pacific-bone-health-conference/) - The IOF Regional 9th Asia-Pacific Bone Health Conference offers healthcare professional the opportunity to participate in this key regional event through both virtual and on-site formats. It provides a unique chance to learn about the latest clinical advances and explore how to deliver the best possible patient care, with attendees joining from around the globe - [DXA Body Composition Analysis Course (livestream via Zoom) test](https://iscd.org/event/dxa-body-composition-analysis-course-livestream-via-zoom-test/) - DXA Body Composition Analysis Course This course focuses on increasing the knowledge and competence of clinicians and other healthcare professionals to help them successfully use DXA body composition analysis in the management of obesity, geriatric sarcopenia and other low muscle mass states, general health and pediatric skeletal disease. The inclusion of case studies will reinforce - [DXA Body Composition Analysis Course (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/dxa-body-composition-analysis-course-livestream-via-zoom-6/) - DXA Body Composition Analysis Course This course focuses on increasing the knowledge and competence of clinicians and other healthcare professionals to help them successfully use DXA body composition analysis in the management of obesity, geriatric sarcopenia and other low muscle mass states, general health and pediatric skeletal disease. The inclusion of case studies will reinforce - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Clinicians (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians-livestream-via-zoom-12/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians The core elements of this course serve to educate healthcare providers about bone densitometry and osteoporosis and to apply standard practices to assure quality performance and interpretation of bone densitometry studies. The course is offered in two parts. The first day sets the standard to - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Technologists (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-technologists-livestream-via-zoom-12/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists The core elements of this program focus on performing quality DXA scans, dissecting the data and applying this knowledge to a technologist’s role in patient care. This course, which focuses on quality DXA, is innovative, interactive and informative. The course emphasizes technical excellence in the performance, - [Orthopedic Osteoporosis and Densitometry Course (Sept. 9 & 16 multi-day)](https://iscd.org/event/orthopedic-osteoporosis-and-densitometry-course-livestream-via-zoom/) - Orthopedic Osteoporosis and Densitometry Course Course Dates (multi-day course) September 9 & 16, 2025. Livestream via Zoom. Course Description This ISCD Orthopedic Osteoporosis and Densitometry Course is a live activity consisting of a variety of sessions in didactic lectures, question and answer sessions and case-based interactive presentations. Overall, this variety of learning formats will allow - [ISS and IFMRS Webinar - Imaging Beyond Intent: Advancing Diagnostics with Opportunistic Imaging](https://iscd.org/event/iss-and-ifmrs-webinar-imaging-beyond-intent-advancing-diagnostics-with-opportunistic-imaging/) - [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Register Here" link="https://veritasamc.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_AYxgzfypRrSEHzXUu3T1gA#/registration"] - [TOA Hosts Quality Bone Densitometry for Technologists](https://iscd.org/event/toa-hosts-quality-bone-densitometry-for-technologists/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists June 21, 2025 - June 22, 2025 [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Click Here for more Info" link="https://www.toa1997.org.tw/events/content.php?id=580&t=0"] - [Webinar: Update on Opportunistic CT Application to Bone Health Practice](https://iscd.org/event/update-on-opportunistic-ct-application-to-bone-health-practice/) - Speaker: Kristyn Hare, MMS, PA-C, CCD This session will discuss the value of opportunistic CT in a bone health practice and will demonstrate how to use opportunistic CT to screen for low bone density and vertebral fractures. Learning Objectives Define opportunistic CT Apply opportunistic CT to screen for low bone density and vertebral fractures Discuss how - [Interdisciplinary Symposium on Osteoporosis (ISO) 2025](https://iscd.org/event/interdisciplinary-symposium-on-osteoporosis-iso-2025/) - Interdisciplinary Symposium on Osteoporosis The Bone Health & Osteoporosis Foundation (BHOF) will host the next Interdisciplinary Symposium on Osteoporosis in 2025 (ISO2025). ISO2025 will offer educational sessions and networking opportunities to benefit many medical disciplines and specialties working with patients who have and/or are at risk for osteoporosis and fractures. Participate in CME/CE sessions to - [2025 Virtual Own the Bone Symposium](https://iscd.org/event/2025-virtual-own-the-bone-symposium/2025-05-28/) - 2025 Virtual Own the Bone Symposium Session One: May 16th, 2025, from 2:00pm – 4:30pm CT Session Two: May 22nd, 2025, from 5:00pm – 7:30pm CT Session Three: May 28th, 2025, from 5:00pm – 7:30pm CT Co-provided by the AOA’s Own the Bone Program and NAON, this three-part virtual certificate course highlights how bone - [2025 Virtual Own the Bone Symposium](https://iscd.org/event/2025-virtual-own-the-bone-symposium/2025-05-16/) - 2025 Virtual Own the Bone Symposium Session One: May 16th, 2025, from 2:00pm – 4:30pm CT Session Two: May 22nd, 2025, from 5:00pm – 7:30pm CT Session Three: May 28th, 2025, from 5:00pm – 7:30pm CT Co-provided by the AOA’s Own the Bone Program and NAON, this three-part virtual certificate course highlights how bone - [2025 Virtual Own the Bone Symposium](https://iscd.org/event/2025-virtual-own-the-bone-symposium/2025-05-22/) - 2025 Virtual Own the Bone Symposium Session One: May 16th, 2025, from 2:00pm – 4:30pm CT Session Two: May 22nd, 2025, from 5:00pm – 7:30pm CT Session Three: May 28th, 2025, from 5:00pm – 7:30pm CT Co-provided by the AOA’s Own the Bone Program and NAON, this three-part virtual certificate course highlights how bone - [CAR Hosts Quality Bone Densitometry for Clinicians and Technologists - Montreal](https://iscd.org/event/car-hosts-quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians-and-technologists-montreal/) - Quality Bone Densitometry for Clinicians and Technologists Course Technologists (2 days)- April 5-6 | Physicians (1 day) – April 6 | Le Westin Montreal [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Click Here for more Info" link="https://car-asm.ca/iscd-course/"] The Canadian panel of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) will be presenting this course, an International Course - [13th Seoul Symposium on Bone Health & 37th Spring Scientific Congress of the Korean Society for Bone and Mineral Research](https://iscd.org/event/13th-seoul-symposium-on-bone-health-37th-spring-scientific-congress-of-the-korean-society-for-bone-and-mineral-research/) - [Santa Fe Bone Symposium 2025](https://iscd.org/event/santa-fe-bone-symposium-2025/) - SAVE THE DATE August 8-9, 2025 Registration opens January 1, 2025! - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Clinicians (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians-livestream-via-zoom-11/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians The core elements of this course serve to educate healthcare providers about bone densitometry and osteoporosis and to apply standard practices to assure quality performance and interpretation of bone densitometry studies. The course is offered in two parts. The first day sets the standard to - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Technologists (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-technologists-livestream-via-zoom-11/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists The core elements of this program focus on performing quality DXA scans, dissecting the data and applying this knowledge to a technologist’s role in patient care. This course, which focuses on quality DXA, is innovative, interactive and informative. The course emphasizes technical excellence in the performance, - [ISCD Conference on Skeletal Health - Boston, MA](https://iscd.org/event/iscd-conference-on-skeletal-health-boston-ma/) - February 20 – 22, 2025 Hilton Boston Park Plaza Hotel [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Go to event website" link="https://learn.iscd.org/2025"] - [DXA BMD Hands-On Workshop (Singapore)](https://iscd.org/event/dxa-bmd-hands-on-workshop-hosted-by-sgh-dept-of-nuclear-medicine-molecular-imaging/) - This workshop is organized by Prof Manju Chandran , Chair , Asia Pacific Panel of the ISCD and the Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Singapore General Hospital. [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Click here to register" link="https://form.gov.sg/67065e0f0bd38c1ccbe39206"] - [Boston, MA - Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course](https://iscd.org/event/boston-ma-pediatric-bone-densitometry-course/) - Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course The Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course provides current research and best-practice techniques for the acquisition and interpretation of bone mineral density (BMD) in children and adolescents. This educational program is designed to improve learner competence in pediatric bone densitometry. By completing this course, attendees will gain conceptual and practical knowledge which can - [Boston, MA - DXA Body Composition Analysis](https://iscd.org/event/boston-ma-dxa-body-composition-analysis/) - DXA Body Composition Analysis Course This course focuses on increasing the knowledge and competence of clinicians and other healthcare professionals to help them successfully use DXA body composition analysis in the management of obesity, geriatric sarcopenia and other low muscle mass states, general health and pediatric skeletal disease. The inclusion of case studies will reinforce - [Boston, MA - Orthopedic Osteoporosis and Densitometry Course](https://iscd.org/event/boston-ma-orthopedic-osteoporosis-and-densitometry-course/) - Orthopedic Osteoporosis and Densitometry Course This ISCD Orthopedic Osteoporosis and Densitometry Course is a live activity consisting of a variety of sessions in didactic lectures, question and answer sessions and case-based interactive presentations. Overall, this variety of learning formats will allow learners to receive information from leading experts in important topic areas. Further, the structure - [Boston, MA - Vertebral Fracture Recognition Course](https://iscd.org/event/boston-ma-vertebral-fracture-recognition-course/) - Vertebral Fracture Recognition Course This advanced densitometry course focuses on how vertebral fracture imaging advances the diagnosis and treatment of patients at risk of osteoporotic fractures. It emphasizes the importance of vertebral fractures in the clinical management of osteoporosis, including recognition on lateral spine images of a normal spine, vertebral fractures and other findings that may - [Boston, MA - Quality Bone Densitometry For Technologists](https://iscd.org/event/boston-ma-quality-bone-densitometry-for-technologists/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation The core elements of this program focus on performing quality DXA scans, dissecting the data and applying this knowledge to a technologist’s role in patient care. This course, which focuses on - [Boston, MA - Quality Bone Densitometry For Clinicians](https://iscd.org/event/boston-ma-quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation The core elements of this course serve to educate healthcare providers about bone densitometry and osteoporosis and to apply standard practices to assure quality performance and interpretation of bone densitometry - [Osteoporosis Essentials Canada - Virtual (Hosted by Calcium Disorders Clinic)](https://iscd.org/event/osteoporosis-essentials-canada-virtual-hosted-by-calcium-disorders-clinic/) - [Vertebral Fracture Recognition Course (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/vertebral-fracture-recognition-course-livestream-via-zoom-5/) - Vertebral Fracture Recognition Course This advanced densitometry course focuses on how vertebral fracture imaging advances the diagnosis and treatment of patients at risk of osteoporotic fractures. It emphasizes the importance of vertebral fractures in the clinical management of osteoporosis, including recognition on lateral spine images of a normal spine, vertebral fractures and other findings that may - [Orthopedic Osteoporosis and Densitometry (Hosted by Fragility Fracture Network of Malaysia)](https://iscd.org/event/orthopedic-osteoporosis-and-densitometry-hosted-by-fragility-fracture-network-of-malaysia/) - The Orthopedic Osteoporosis and Densitometry Course is a live activity consisting of a variety of sessions in didactic lectures, question and answer sessions and case-based interactive presentations. Overall, this variety of learning formats will allow learners to receive information from leading experts in important topic areas. Further, the structure and format of the course will - [Osteoporosis Essentials Singapore (Hosted by APCO)](https://iscd.org/event/osteoporosis-essentials-singapore-hosted-by-apco/) - [Secondary Fracture Prevention - The Critical Role of Orthopedic Fracture Liaison Services](https://iscd.org/event/secondary-fracture-prevention-the-critical-role-of-orthopedic-fracture-liaison-services/) - [Santa Fe Bone Symposium 2024](https://iscd.org/event/santa-fe-bone-symposium-2024/) - The 24th Annual Santa Fe Bone Symposium will be held at the Hilton Santa Fe Historic Plaza in Santa Fe, New Mexico, on August 2-3, 2024. Registration is now open! The Santa Fe Bone Symposium (SFBS) is an annual forum devoted to advances in the science and economics of osteoporosis, metabolic bone disease, and assessment - [Virtual Clinician Symposium 2024](https://iscd.org/event/virtual-clinician-symposium-2024/) - Advancing High Quality Musculoskeletal Assessment - Past, Present, and Future The International Society of Clinical Densitometry is proud to present the 2024 Clinicians Symposium. This virtual symposium will offer up to 16 hours of ACCME accredited education from national and international leaders in bone health. Covered topics will include artificial intelligence in radiographic imaging, rare - [Virtual Technologist Symposium 2024](https://iscd.org/event/virtual-technologists-symposium/) - "CHARTING THE EVOLUTION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL HEALTH", 30 + YEARS OF INNOVATION IN BONE DENSITY TECHNOLOGY AND BEYOND The International Society of Clinical Densitometry is proud to present a first-of-its-kind educational program specifically targeted to our technologist community, comprised of educational lectures developed and delivered by technologists in the field. The 2024 Technologists Symposium will offer - [Vertebral Fracture Recognition Course (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/vertebral-fracture-recognition-course-livestream-via-zoom-4/) - Vertebral Fracture Recognition Course This advanced densitometry course focuses on how vertebral fracture imaging advances the diagnosis and treatment of patients at risk of osteoporotic fractures. It emphasizes the importance of vertebral fractures in the clinical management of osteoporosis, including recognition on lateral spine images of a normal spine, vertebral fractures and other findings that may - [DXA Body Composition Analysis Course (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/dxa-body-composition-analysis-course-livestream-via-zoom-5/) - DXA Body Composition Analysis Course This course focuses on increasing the knowledge and competence of clinicians and other healthcare professionals to help them successfully use DXA body composition analysis in the management of obesity, geriatric sarcopenia and other low muscle mass states, general health and pediatric skeletal disease. The inclusion of case studies will reinforce - [DXA Body Composition Analysis Course (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/dxa-body-composition-analysis-course-livestream-via-zoom-4/) - DXA Body Composition Analysis Course This course focuses on increasing the knowledge and competence of clinicians and other healthcare professionals to help them successfully use DXA body composition analysis in the management of obesity, geriatric sarcopenia and other low muscle mass states, general health and pediatric skeletal disease. The inclusion of case studies will reinforce - [Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/pediatric-bone-densitometry-course-livestream-via-zoom-5/) - Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course The Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course provides current research and best-practice techniques for the acquisition and interpretation of bone mineral density (BMD) in children and adolescents. This educational program is designed to improve learner competence in pediatric bone densitometry. By completing this course, attendees will gain conceptual and practical knowledge which can - [Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/pediatric-bone-densitometry-course-livestream-via-zoom-4/) - Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course The Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course provides current research and best-practice techniques for the acquisition and interpretation of bone mineral density (BMD) in children and adolescents. This educational program is designed to improve learner competence in pediatric bone densitometry. By completing this course, attendees will gain conceptual and practical knowledge which can - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Technologists (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-technologists-livestream-via-zoom-10/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation The core elements of this program focus on performing quality DXA scans, dissecting the data and applying this knowledge to a technologist’s role in patient care. This course, which focuses on - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Technologists (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-technologists-livestream-via-zoom-9/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation The core elements of this program focus on performing quality DXA scans, dissecting the data and applying this knowledge to a technologist’s role in patient care. This course, which focuses on - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Technologists (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-technologists-livestream-via-zoom-8/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation The core elements of this program focus on performing quality DXA scans, dissecting the data and applying this knowledge to a technologist’s role in patient care. This course, which focuses on - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Technologists (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-technologists-livestream-via-zoom-7/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation The core elements of this program focus on performing quality DXA scans, dissecting the data and applying this knowledge to a technologist’s role in patient care. This course, which focuses on - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Clinicians (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians-livestream-via-zoom-10/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation The core elements of this course serve to educate healthcare providers about bone densitometry and osteoporosis and to apply standard practices to assure quality performance and interpretation of bone densitometry - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Clinicians (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians-livestream-via-zoom-9/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation The core elements of this course serve to educate healthcare providers about bone densitometry and osteoporosis and to apply standard practices to assure quality performance and interpretation of bone densitometry - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Clinicians (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians-livestream-via-zoom-8/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation The core elements of this course serve to educate healthcare providers about bone densitometry and osteoporosis and to apply standard practices to assure quality performance and interpretation of bone densitometry - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Clinicians (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians-livestream-via-zoom-7/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation The core elements of this course serve to educate healthcare providers about bone densitometry and osteoporosis and to apply standard practices to assure quality performance and interpretation of bone densitometry - [November 11, 2023 Tallaght, Ireland - ISCD Paper and Pencil Certification Exams](https://iscd.org/event/november-11-2023-dublin-ireland-iscd-paper-and-pencil-certification-exams/) - [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Apply for CCD Exam" link="https://my.iscd.org/Certify/All-Certifications/CCD"] [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Apply for cbdt exam" link="https://my.iscd.org/Certify/All-Certifications/CBDT"] Applications are no longer being accepted to sit for this Exam. For certification exam application and fee information click here. Course fees do not include certification exam fee. *Course and certification fees are - [October 24, 2023 Manila, Philippines - ISCD Paper and Pencil Certification Exams](https://iscd.org/event/october-24-2023-manila-philippines-iscd-paper-and-pencil-certification-exams/) - Applications to sit for this Exam are now closed, and will no longer be accepted. Course fees do not include certification exam fee. *Course and certification fees are separate. - [DXA and Osteoporosis Management: When to Treat and When to Refer](https://iscd.org/event/dxa-and-osteoporosis-management-when-to-treat-and-when-to-refer/) - Overview This activity is designated to improve competency in using DXA scan - related tools to appropriately stratify risk, diagnose, and treat osteoporatic patients. Course Faculty: Dr. Ginnie Prater, MD, CCD Target Audience This activity is intended for radiologists, radiologic technologists, endocrinologists, rheumatologists, primary care physicians, orthopedists, and other healthcare providers who assess - [Santa Fe Bone Symposium 2023](https://iscd.org/event/16878/) - The Santa Fe Bone Symposium is an annual forum devoted to advances in the science and economics of osteoporosis, metabolic bone disease, and assessment of skeletal health. Presented by the Osteoporosis Foundation of New Mexico (OFNM), this meeting is for healthcare providers, scientists, and researchers with a special interest in bone disease, and for bone - [2023 Virtual Own the Bone Symposium](https://iscd.org/event/2023-virtual-own-the-bone-symposium/2023-06-08/) - The American Orthopaedic Association and the National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses co-present the 2023 Virtual Own the Bone Symposium Join Own the Bone and NAON for this three-part virtual certificate course highlighting how bone health evaluation and management can improve patient outcomes given the fragility fracture epidemic and rising periprosthetic fractures. Participants will hear - [Wisconsin Osteoporosis Symposium: The Bare Bones of Osteoporosis Care](https://iscd.org/event/wisconsin-osteoporosis-symposium-the-bare-bones-of-osteoporosis-care/) - [Chicago, IL - Orthopedic Osteoporosis and Densitometry Course](https://iscd.org/event/chicago-il-orthopedic-osteoporosis-and-densitometry-course/) - Orthopedic Osteoporosis and Densitometry Course [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="learn more and register" link="https://learn.iscd.org/products/chicago-march-2023-orthopedic-osteoporosis-and-densitometry-course"] This ISCD Orthopedic Osteoporosis and Densitometry Course is a live activity consisting of a variety of sessions in didactic lectures, question and answer sessions and case-based interactive presentations. Overall, this variety of learning formats will allow learners to - [April 1, 2023 Chicago, IL - ISCD Paper and Pencil Certification Exams](https://iscd.org/event/april-1-2023-chicago-il-iscd-paper-and-pencil-certification-exams/) - [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Apply for CCD Exam" link="https://my.iscd.org/Certify/All-Certifications/CCD"] [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Apply for cbdt exam" link="https://my.iscd.org/Certify/All-Certifications/CBDT"] Applications must be Completed and Submitted no later than 3/17/2023 to sit for this Exam. The ISCD Certification exams are now offered at each course location. For certification exam application and - [Chicago, IL - Vertebral Fracture Recognition Course](https://iscd.org/event/chicago-il-vertebral-fracture-recognition-course/) - Vertebral Fracture Recognition Course [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Learn more and register" link="https://learn.iscd.org/products/chicago-march-2023-vertebral-fracture-recognition-course"] This advanced densitometry course focuses on how vertebral fracture imaging advances the diagnosis and treatment of patients at risk of osteoporotic fractures. It emphasizes the importance of vertebral fractures in the clinical management of osteoporosis, including recognition on lateral spine - [ISCD & IOF Osteoporosis Essentials Course for Physicians and Technologists](https://iscd.org/event/iscd-iof-osteoporosis-essentials-course-for-physicians-and-technologists/) - An International Course of the ISCD and IOF for Physicians and Technologists Co-Developed with CANM, CAMRT, CAR, OAMRS & OC [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Register Here" link="https://www.osteoporosis-essentials.org/add/follower/654"] [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="More Info" link="/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/2022-ISCD-IOF-BROCHURE-Sept-13.pdf"] Description: The Osteoporosis Essentials Bone Densitometry course by the ISCD (International Society of Clinical Densitometry) - [Chicago, IL - DXA Body Composition Analysis Course](https://iscd.org/event/chicago-il-dxa-body-composition-analysis-course/) - DXA Body Composition Analysis Course [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Learn more and register" link="https://learn.iscd.org/products/chicago-april-2023-dxa-body-composition-analysis"] This course focuses on increasing the knowledge and competence of clinicians and other healthcare professionals to help them successfully use DXA body composition analysis in the management of obesity, geriatric sarcopenia and other low muscle mass states, general - [Vertebral Fracture Recognition Course (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/vertebral-fracture-recognition-course-livestream-via-zoom-3/) - Vertebral Fracture Recognition Course [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Learn more and register" link="https://learn.iscd.org/products/december-2023-vertebral-fracture-recognition-course"] This advanced densitometry course focuses on how vertebral fracture imaging advances the diagnosis and treatment of patients at risk of osteoporotic fractures. It emphasizes the importance of vertebral fractures in the clinical management of osteoporosis, including recognition on lateral spine - [DXA Body Composition Analysis Course (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/dxa-body-composition-analysis-course-livestream-via-zoom-3/) - DXA Body Composition Analysis Course [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Learn more and register" link="https://learn.iscd.org/products/november-2023-dxa-body-composition-analysis"] This course focuses on increasing the knowledge and competence of clinicians and other healthcare professionals to help them successfully use DXA body composition analysis in the management of obesity, geriatric sarcopenia and other low muscle mass states, general - [Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/pediatric-bone-densitometry-course-livestream-via-zoom-3/) - Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course The Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course provides current research and best-practice techniques for the acquisition and interpretation of bone mineral density (BMD) in children and adolescents. This educational program is designed to improve learner competence in pediatric bone densitometry. By completing this course, attendees will gain conceptual and practical knowledge which can - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Technologists (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-technologists-livestream-via-zoom-6/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Learn more and register" link="https://learn.iscd.org/products/december-2023-quality-bone-densitometry-performance-interpretation-and-clinical-application-for-technologists"] The core elements of this program focus on performing quality DXA scans, dissecting the data and applying this knowledge - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Technologists (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-technologists-livestream-via-zoom-5/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation ASRT Credit Notice This course is a renewal. If you have previously taken this course, you will not be able to claim ASRT again for this learning activity. [efsbutton style="" size="" - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Technologists (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-technologists-livestream-via-zoom-4/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation ASRT Credit Notice This course is a renewal. If you have previously taken this course, you will not be able to claim ASRT again for this learning activity. [efsbutton style="" size="" - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Clinicians (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians-livestream-via-zoom-6/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Learn more and register" link="https://learn.iscd.org/products/december-2023-quality-bone-densitometry-performance-interpretation-and-clinical-application-for-clinicians"] The core elements of this course serve to educate healthcare providers about bone densitometry and osteoporosis and to - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Clinicians (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians-livestream-via-zoom-5/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Learn more and register" link="https://learn.iscd.org/products/september-2023-quality-bone-densitometry-performance-interpretation-and-clinical-application-for-clinicians"] The core elements of this course serve to educate healthcare providers about bone densitometry and osteoporosis and to - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Clinicians (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians-livestream-via-zoom-4/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Learn more and register" link="https://learn.iscd.org/products/june-2023-quality-bone-densitometry-performance-interpretation-and-clinical-application-for-clinicians"] The core elements of this course serve to educate healthcare providers about bone densitometry and osteoporosis and to - [ISCD DXA Atlas on Bone Health Echo](https://iscd.org/event/iscd-dxa-atlas-on-bone-health-echo/) - Doctors Sarah Morgan and Bobo Tanner will be presenting ISCD's DXA Atlas on the Bone Health Echo - Tuesday, Oct. 4 at 12pm Mountain Time. Register to join them and hear more about some of the interesting cases from Dr. Morgan herself, the Chair of this project. The ISCD DXA Atlas is our newest member benefit - [Fragility Fracture Network Global Congress 2022](https://iscd.org/event/fragility-fracture-network-global-congress-2022/) - [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Learn more" link="https://www.ffnglobalcongress2022.com.au/"] WELCOME TO THE FFN GLOBAL CONGRESS 2022 The Fragility Fracture Network is delighted to welcome you to the wonderful city of Melbourne from 20 – 22 October 2022 at the Melbourne Conference and Exhibition Centre. It is appropriate after the difficult years we have had - [2022 H Fleisch Workshop](https://iscd.org/event/2022-h-fleisch-workshop/) - The Herbert Fleisch Workshop is a 3-day residential workshop designed to bring together international investigators and young and mid-career scientists working in musculoskeletal research for a few days of learning, discussion and networking, with the hands-on participation of some of the top scientists in this field, all of whom will be present for the duration of - [2022 Santa Fe Bone Symposium](https://iscd.org/event/2022-santa-fe-bone-symposium/) - The Santa Fe Bone Symposium is an annual forum devoted to advances in the science and economics of osteoporosis, metabolic bone disease, and assessment of skeletal health. Presented by the Osteoporosis Foundation of New Mexico (OFNM), this meeting is for healthcare providers, scientists, and researchers with a special interest in bone disease, and for bone - [March 29, 2023 Chicago, IL - ISCD Paper and Pencil Certification Exams](https://iscd.org/event/chicago-il-iscd-paper-and-pencil-certification-exams-2/) - [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Apply for CCD Exam" link="https://my.iscd.org/Certify/All-Certifications/CCD"] [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Apply for cbdt exam" link="https://my.iscd.org/Certify/All-Certifications/CBDT"] Applications must be Completed and Submitted no later than 3/17/2023 to sit for this Exam. The ISCD Certification exams are now offered at each course location. For certification exam application and - [Chicago, IL - Quality Bone Densitometry For Clinicians](https://iscd.org/event/chicago-il-quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians-2/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Learn more and register" link="https://learn.iscd.org/products/chicago-march-2023-quality-bone-densitometry-performance-interpretation-and-clinical-application-for-clinicians"] An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation The core elements of this course serve to educate healthcare providers about bone densitometry and osteoporosis and to - [Chicago, IL - Quality Bone Densitometry For Technologists](https://iscd.org/event/chicago-il-quality-bone-densitometry-for-technologists-2/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Learn more and register" link="https://learn.iscd.org/products/chicago-march-2023-quality-bone-densitometry-performance-interpretation-and-clinical-application-for-technologists"] An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation The core elements of this program focus on performing quality DXA scans, dissecting the data and applying this knowledge - [The 10th Seoul Symposium on Bone Health & the 34th Spring Scientific Congress of the Korean Society for Bone and Mineral Research (SSBH 2022)](https://iscd.org/event/the-10th-seoul-symposium-on-bone-health-the-34th-spring-scientific-congress-of-the-korean-society-for-bone-and-mineral-research-ssbh-2022/) - [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Learn More" link="https://ssbh2022.ksbmr.org/"] Welcome Message from KSBMR Dear Colleagues, On behalf of the Korean Society for Bone and Mineral Research (KSBMR), it is our great pleasure to invite you to The 10th Seoul Symposium on Bone Health & the 34th Spring Scientific Congress of the Korean Society for - [H Fleisch Virtual Workshop 2022](https://iscd.org/event/h-fleisch-virtual-workshop-2022-2/) - About this event The Herbert Fleisch Workshops are designed to bring together excellent international investigators and young and mid-career scientists working in bone and cartilage research, for vigorous data discussion and networking. On 19 (Tuesday) and 21 (Thursday) of April 2022, we will host two free workshops led by international experts in the field of muscoloskeletal research. - [H Fleisch Virtual Workshop 2022](https://iscd.org/event/h-fleisch-virtual-workshop-2022/) - About this event The Herbert Fleisch Workshops are designed to bring together excellent international investigators and young and mid-career scientists working in bone and cartilage research, for vigorous data discussion and networking. On 19 (Tuesday) and 21 (Thursday) of April 2022, we will host two free workshops led by international experts in the field of muscoloskeletal research. - [Hologic Webinar: Using DXA for Normal Weight Obesity and Body Composition Index](https://iscd.org/event/hologic-webinar-using-dxa-for-normal-weight-obesity-and-body-composition-index/) - Free Webinar hosted by our Corporate Member, Hologic Join Dr. Michael Ormsbee, a Professor and Graduate Program Director in the Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology as well as the Associate Director of the Institute of Sports Sciences & Medicine at Florida State University, as he discusses the updates on normal weight obesity and body - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Clinicians (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians-livestream-via-zoom-3/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Register Now" link="https://my.iscd.org/Events/Calendar-Of-Events/Registration-Start?MeetingId=ee6faeef-56d1-ec11-a7b5-002248250488"] An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation The core elements of this course serve to educate healthcare providers about bone densitometry and osteoporosis and to apply standard - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Technologists (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-technologists-livestream-via-zoom-3/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Register Now" link="https://my.iscd.org/Events/Calendar-Of-Events/Registration-Start?MeetingId=1a31828c-57d1-ec11-a7b5-002248250488"] An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation The core elements of this program focus on performing quality DXA scans, dissecting the data and applying this knowledge to a - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Clinicians (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians-livestream-via-zoom-2/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation The core elements of this course serve to educate healthcare providers about bone densitometry and osteoporosis and to apply standard practices to assure quality performance and interpretation of bone densitometry - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Technologists (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-technologists-livestream-via-zoom-2/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation The core elements of this program focus on performing quality DXA scans, dissecting the data and applying this knowledge to a technologist’s role in patient care. This course, which focuses on - [DXA Body Composition Analysis Course (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/dxa-body-composition-analysis-course-livestream-via-zoom-2/) - DXA Body Composition Analysis Course This course focuses on increasing the knowledge and competence of clinicians and other healthcare professionals to help them successfully use DXA body composition analysis in the management of obesity, geriatric sarcopenia and other low muscle mass states, general health and pediatric skeletal disease. The inclusion of case studies will reinforce - [Vertebral Fracture Recognition Course (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/vertebral-fracture-recognition-course-livestream-via-zoom-2/) - Vertebral Fracture Recognition Course This advanced densitometry course focuses on how vertebral fracture imaging advances the diagnosis and treatment of patients at risk of osteoporotic fractures. It emphasizes the importance of vertebral fractures in the clinical management of osteoporosis, including recognition on lateral spine images of a normal spine, vertebral fractures and other findings that may - [Vertebral Fracture Recognition Course (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/vertebral-fracture-recognition-course-livestream-via-zoom/) - Vertebral Fracture Recognition Course This advanced densitometry course focuses on how vertebral fracture imaging advances the diagnosis and treatment of patients at risk of osteoporotic fractures. It emphasizes the importance of vertebral fractures in the clinical management of osteoporosis, including recognition on lateral spine images of a normal spine, vertebral fractures and other findings that may - [Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/pediatric-bone-densitometry-course-livestream-via-zoom-2/) - Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course The Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course provides the most current research and best-practice techniques for obtaining and interpreting bone mineral density (BMD) measurements in children and adolescents. This educational program is designed to improve learner competence in the area of pediatric densitometry. Learners will have the opportunity to take the knowledge gained - [Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/pediatric-bone-densitometry-course-livestream-via-zoom/) - Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course The Pediatric Bone Densitometry Course provides the most current research and best-practice techniques for obtaining and interpreting bone mineral density (BMD) measurements in children and adolescents. This educational program is designed to improve learner competence in the area of pediatric densitometry. Learners will have the opportunity to take the knowledge gained - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Clinicians (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians-livestream-via-zoom/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation The core elements of this course serve to educate healthcare providers about bone densitometry and osteoporosis and to apply standard practices to assure quality performance and interpretation of bone densitometry - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Technologists (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-for-technologists-livestream-via-zoom/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation The core elements of this program focus on performing quality DXA scans, dissecting the data and applying this knowledge to a technologist’s role in patient care. This course, which focuses on - [ISCD 29th Annual Meeting](https://iscd.org/event/iscd-28th-annual-meeting/) - ISCD ANNUAL MEETING March 28 – April 1, 2023 Renaissance Chicago North Shore Hotel [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Go to event website" link="https://www.eventscribe.net/2023/ISCD/"] - [The Diagnosis and Management of Osteoporosis CME Webinar (Sponsored by Hologic)](https://iscd.org/event/the-diagnosis-and-management-of-osteoporosis-cme-webinar-sponsored-by-hologic/) - Overview This one hour seminar will cover the basics that the primary physician needs in order to diagnose and manage osteoporosis in their patients. Target Audience Practicing physicians who will include the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis in their practice; this should include internists, gynecologists, and family practitioners. Activity Goal This activity is designed to - [48th European Calcified Tissue Society Congress](https://iscd.org/event/48th-european-calcified-tissue-society-congress/) - [efsbutton style="" size="" color_class="" align="left" type="link" target="false" title="Register for this event" link="https://www.ects2020.org/"] No matter where you are in the world, this year you can join ECTS 2021 – Digital Congress. The year 2020 gave us the challenge but unique opportunity of holding our first ECTS Digital Congress. We - [Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists (On Zoom!)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-performance-interpretation-and-clinical-application-for-technologists-on-zoom-2/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation The core elements of this program focus on performing quality DXA scans, dissecting the data and applying this knowledge to a technologist’s role in patient care. This course, which focuses on - [Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians (On Zoom!)](https://iscd.org/event/quality-bone-densitometry-performance-interpretation-and-clinical-application-for-clinicians-on-zoom-2/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation The core elements of this course serve to increase the knowledge and competence of clinicians regarding bone densitometry and osteoporosis diagnosis, clinical evaluation, treatment, and monitoring and to apply standard - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Technologists (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/seattle-wa-quality-bone-densitometry-for-technologists/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists Offered livestream (via Zoom) *Note: The livestream course will not be recorded. Registration for this course has closed. If you are registered for this course, access your materials here. An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation The core - [Quality Bone Densitometry For Clinicians (livestream via Zoom)](https://iscd.org/event/seattle-wa-quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians Offered livestream via Zoom *Note: The livestreamed course will not be recorded. Registration for this course has closed. If you are registered for this course, access your materials here. An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation The core - [IFMRS H Fleisch Online Workshop](https://iscd.org/event/ifmrs-h-fleisch-online-workshop/) - IFMRS H Fleisch Week virtual workshops: 15-19 March 2021 From 15-19 March 2021, the IFMRS will be hosting three 90-minute virtual workshops led by an international group of experts in the field of musculoskeletal research. Workshops will include one or more presentations followed by a facilitated discussion and are certain to be informative, stimulating and engaging. Tickets - [Hartford, CT - Quality Bone Densitometry For Technologists](https://iscd.org/event/hartford-ct-quality-bone-densitometry-for-technologists/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Technologists An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation The core elements of this program focus on performing quality DXA scans, dissecting the data and applying this knowledge to a technologist’s role in patient care. This course, which focuses on - [Hartford, CT - Quality Bone Densitometry For Clinicians](https://iscd.org/event/hartford-ct-quality-bone-densitometry-for-clinicians/) - Quality Bone Densitometry: Performance, Interpretation, and Clinical Application for Clinicians An Osteoporosis Essentials Course of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry & International Osteoporosis Foundation The core elements of this course serve to educate healthcare providers about bone densitometry and osteoporosis and to apply standard practices to assure quality performance and interpretation of bone densitometry - [21st Annual Santa Fe Bone Symposium Presented by the Osteoporosis Foundation of New Mexico](https://iscd.org/event/21st-annual-santa-fe-bone-symposium-presented-by-the-osteoporosis-foundation-of-new-mexico/) - The Santa Fe Bone Symposium is an annual forum devoted to advances in the science and economics of osteoporosis, metabolic bone disease, and assessment of skeletal health. Presented by the Osteoporosis Foundation of New Mexico, this meeting is for healthcare providers, scientists, and researchers with a special interest in bone disease, and for bone densitometry - [ISCD 27th Annual Meeting](https://iscd.org/event/iscd-27th-annual-meeting/) - We cordially invite you to join us for ISCD’s 27th Annual Meeting – Global Excellence Through Densitometry in the Digital Era. This will be ISCD’s first virtual conference, but that doesn’t mean you will miss out on any of the learning or networking opportunities you have come to expect from ISCD. The theme of our ## Portfolio - [Lookbook Summer](https://iscd.org/featured_item/lookbook-summer/) - Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. - [Another Print Package](https://iscd.org/featured_item/another-print-package/) - Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. - [FL3 Print Package](https://iscd.org/featured_item/fl3-print-package/) - Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. - [Awesome Pencil Poster](https://iscd.org/featured_item/awesome-pencil-poster/) - Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat - [Portfolio typography](https://iscd.org/featured_item/portfolio-typography/) - Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. - [Flatsome Poster Print](https://iscd.org/featured_item/flatsome-poster-print/) - Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. - [Magazine](https://iscd.org/featured_item/magazine/) - Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat - [Flat T-Shirt Company](https://iscd.org/featured_item/flat-t-shirt-company/) - Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. ## Calendar Embeds - [Calendar of Events](https://iscd.org/calendar-embed/AwrHP37stvf/) ## Series - [2026 Virtual Own the Bone Symposium](https://iscd.org/series/2026-virtual-own-the-bone-symposium/) ## Categories - [Uncategorized](https://iscd.org/category/uncategorized/) - [Internal Artifacts](https://iscd.org/category/internal-artifacts/) - [External Artifacts](https://iscd.org/category/external-artifacts/) - [Anatomical Variants](https://iscd.org/category/anatomical-variants/) - [Disease Entities](https://iscd.org/category/disease-entities/) - [Normal Scans](https://iscd.org/category/normal-scans/) - [Positioning and Analysis Issues](https://iscd.org/category/positioning-and-analysis-issues/) - [Boston 2025 - Best Cases](https://iscd.org/category/boston-2025-best-cases/) - [Reporting and Interpretation Issues](https://iscd.org/category/positioning/) - [Misadventures in DXA Scanning](https://iscd.org/category/misadventures-in-dxa-scanning/) - [ISCD News](https://iscd.org/category/news/) ## Tags - [qbdtechs](https://iscd.org/tag/qbdtechs/) - [qbdclins](https://iscd.org/tag/qbdclins/) - [Peds](https://iscd.org/tag/peds/) - [vfr](https://iscd.org/tag/vfr/) - [bodycomp](https://iscd.org/tag/bodycomp/) - [ortho](https://iscd.org/tag/ortho/) - [Osteoporosis](https://iscd.org/tag/osteoporosis/) - [UW-Madison](https://iscd.org/tag/uw-madison/) - [Bone](https://iscd.org/tag/bone/) - [artifact](https://iscd.org/tag/artifact/) - [bariatric surgery](https://iscd.org/tag/bariatric-surgery/) - [internal artifact](https://iscd.org/tag/internal-artifact/) - [LapBand](https://iscd.org/tag/lapband/) - [lap band](https://iscd.org/tag/lap-band/) - [tubing](https://iscd.org/tag/tubing/) - [black hole](https://iscd.org/tag/black-hole/) - [clips](https://iscd.org/tag/clips/) - [tantalum](https://iscd.org/tag/tantalum/) - [anatomical variant](https://iscd.org/tag/anatomical-variant/) - [Third trochanter](https://iscd.org/tag/third-trochanter/) - [AFF](https://iscd.org/tag/aff/) - [atypical femur fracture](https://iscd.org/tag/atypical-femur-fracture/) - [Hip](https://iscd.org/tag/hip/) - [Hip DXA](https://iscd.org/tag/hip-dxa/) - [4 lumbar vertebral bodies](https://iscd.org/tag/4-lumbar-vertebral-bodies/) - [anatomical variant.](https://iscd.org/tag/anatomical-variant-2/) - [lumbar spine](https://iscd.org/tag/lumbar-spine/) - [segmentation](https://iscd.org/tag/segmentation/) - [bowel gas](https://iscd.org/tag/bowel-gas/) - [black hole artifact](https://iscd.org/tag/black-hole-artifact/) - [bullet](https://iscd.org/tag/bullet/) - [Biliary drainage tube](https://iscd.org/tag/biliary-drainage-tube/) - [catheter](https://iscd.org/tag/catheter/) - [tube](https://iscd.org/tag/tube/) - [hardware](https://iscd.org/tag/hardware/) - [spinal hardware](https://iscd.org/tag/spinal-hardware/) - [33% radius](https://iscd.org/tag/33-radius/) - [GE](https://iscd.org/tag/ge/) - [normal](https://iscd.org/tag/normal/) - [spine](https://iscd.org/tag/spine/) - [analysis](https://iscd.org/tag/analysis/) - [positioning](https://iscd.org/tag/positioning/) - [spine region of interest](https://iscd.org/tag/spine-region-of-interest/) - [pediatric](https://iscd.org/tag/pediatric/) - [Feeding tube](https://iscd.org/tag/feeding-tube/) - [endograft](https://iscd.org/tag/endograft/) - [internal artifactos](https://iscd.org/tag/internal-artifactos/) - [vascular endograft](https://iscd.org/tag/vascular-endograft/) - [internal artifact.](https://iscd.org/tag/internal-artifact-2/) - [vascular](https://iscd.org/tag/vascular/) - [intervertebral disc spacer](https://iscd.org/tag/intervertebral-disc-spacer/) - [spinal fixation](https://iscd.org/tag/spinal-fixation/) - [HIp hardware](https://iscd.org/tag/hip-hardware/) - [hip replacement](https://iscd.org/tag/hip-replacement/) - [Resurfaced hip](https://iscd.org/tag/resurfaced-hip/) - [Breast implant](https://iscd.org/tag/breast-implant/) - [Gluteal implant](https://iscd.org/tag/gluteal-implant/) - [Greenfield filter](https://iscd.org/tag/greenfield-filter/) - [inferior vena cava](https://iscd.org/tag/inferior-vena-cava/) - [IVC filter](https://iscd.org/tag/ivc-filter/) - [Aorta](https://iscd.org/tag/aorta/) - [Calcification](https://iscd.org/tag/calcification/) - [Spine DXA](https://iscd.org/tag/spine-dxa/) - [Osteomyelitis](https://iscd.org/tag/osteomyelitis/) - [Osteosclerosis](https://iscd.org/tag/osteosclerosis/) - [osteoarthritis](https://iscd.org/tag/osteoarthritis/) - [needle](https://iscd.org/tag/needle/) - [sewing needle](https://iscd.org/tag/sewing-needle/) - [Nerve stimulator](https://iscd.org/tag/nerve-stimulator/) - [Ileostomy](https://iscd.org/tag/ileostomy/) - [ostomy](https://iscd.org/tag/ostomy/) - [Pacemaker](https://iscd.org/tag/pacemaker/) - [lumbar spine.](https://iscd.org/tag/lumbar-spine-2/) - [pelvic coil](https://iscd.org/tag/pelvic-coil/) - [barium](https://iscd.org/tag/barium/) - [contrast](https://iscd.org/tag/contrast/) - [Radiographic contrast](https://iscd.org/tag/radiographic-contrast/) - [gall bladder clips](https://iscd.org/tag/gall-bladder-clips/) - [surgical clips](https://iscd.org/tag/surgical-clips/) - [calcium pill](https://iscd.org/tag/calcium-pill/) - [calcium tablet](https://iscd.org/tag/calcium-tablet/) - [tablets](https://iscd.org/tag/tablets/) - [kyphoplasty](https://iscd.org/tag/kyphoplasty/) - [vertebral augmentation](https://iscd.org/tag/vertebral-augmentation/) - [vertebroplasty](https://iscd.org/tag/vertebroplasty/) - [nephrectomy](https://iscd.org/tag/nephrectomy/) - [beaded belt](https://iscd.org/tag/beaded-belt/) - [Belt](https://iscd.org/tag/belt/) - [External artifact](https://iscd.org/tag/external-artifact/) - [belly button ring](https://iscd.org/tag/belly-button-ring/) - [Body piercing jewelry](https://iscd.org/tag/body-piercing-jewelry/) - [naval ring](https://iscd.org/tag/naval-ring/) - [Button](https://iscd.org/tag/button/) - [Bracelet](https://iscd.org/tag/bracelet/) - [External artifacgt](https://iscd.org/tag/external-artifacgt/) - [clothing](https://iscd.org/tag/clothing/) - [external artifacts](https://iscd.org/tag/external-artifacts/) - [reflective strip](https://iscd.org/tag/reflective-strip/) - [Bra fastener](https://iscd.org/tag/bra-fastener/) - [fastener](https://iscd.org/tag/fastener/) - [Bobbie pin](https://iscd.org/tag/bobbie-pin/) - [hands](https://iscd.org/tag/hands/) - [lumbar spine; fingers](https://iscd.org/tag/lumbar-spine-fingers/) - [femur](https://iscd.org/tag/femur/) - [fingers](https://iscd.org/tag/fingers/) - [Hand](https://iscd.org/tag/hand/) - [motion](https://iscd.org/tag/motion/) - [motion artifact](https://iscd.org/tag/motion-artifact/) - [tremor](https://iscd.org/tag/tremor/) - [wrist](https://iscd.org/tag/wrist/) - [key](https://iscd.org/tag/key/) - [pocket](https://iscd.org/tag/pocket/) - [rubber band](https://iscd.org/tag/rubber-band/) - [Rivet](https://iscd.org/tag/rivet/) - [snap](https://iscd.org/tag/snap/) - [zipper](https://iscd.org/tag/zipper/) - [Bra clips](https://iscd.org/tag/bra-clips/) - [bra fasteners](https://iscd.org/tag/bra-fasteners/) - [cholelithiasis](https://iscd.org/tag/cholelithiasis/) - [Gallstone](https://iscd.org/tag/gallstone/) - [bursitis](https://iscd.org/tag/bursitis/) - [calcific tendonitis](https://iscd.org/tag/calcific-tendonitis/) - [Disease entity](https://iscd.org/tag/disease-entity/) - [internal artfact](https://iscd.org/tag/internal-artfact/) - [tendonitis](https://iscd.org/tag/tendonitis/) - [body piercing](https://iscd.org/tag/body-piercing/) - [calcium](https://iscd.org/tag/calcium/) - [multiple vitamin](https://iscd.org/tag/multiple-vitamin/) - [Darvocet N-100](https://iscd.org/tag/darvocet-n-100/) - [internal artiact](https://iscd.org/tag/internal-artiact/) - [tablet](https://iscd.org/tag/tablet/) - [chromium](https://iscd.org/tag/chromium/) - [chromium tablet](https://iscd.org/tag/chromium-tablet/) - [wallet](https://iscd.org/tag/wallet/) - [projectile](https://iscd.org/tag/projectile/) - [shotgun pellet](https://iscd.org/tag/shotgun-pellet/) - [6 lumbar vertebral bodies](https://iscd.org/tag/6-lumbar-vertebral-bodies/) - [anatomical variants](https://iscd.org/tag/anatomical-variants/) - [acetabula protrusio](https://iscd.org/tag/acetabula-protrusio/) - [Disease entities](https://iscd.org/tag/disease-entities/) - [ascites](https://iscd.org/tag/ascites/) - [dialysate](https://iscd.org/tag/dialysate/) - [peritoneal dialysate](https://iscd.org/tag/peritoneal-dialysate/) - [peritoneal dialysis](https://iscd.org/tag/peritoneal-dialysis/) - [renal failure](https://iscd.org/tag/renal-failure/) - [avascular necrosis](https://iscd.org/tag/avascular-necrosis/) - [AVN](https://iscd.org/tag/avn/) - [femoral head](https://iscd.org/tag/femoral-head/) - [gastric bypass](https://iscd.org/tag/gastric-bypass/) - [obesity](https://iscd.org/tag/obesity/) - [roux-en-y gastric bypass](https://iscd.org/tag/roux-en-y-gastric-bypass/) - [weight loss](https://iscd.org/tag/weight-loss/) - [Benign bone lesion](https://iscd.org/tag/benign-bone-lesion/) - [enchondroma; disease entity](https://iscd.org/tag/enchondroma-disease-entity/) - [tumor](https://iscd.org/tag/tumor/) - [disase entity](https://iscd.org/tag/disase-entity/) - [enchondroma](https://iscd.org/tag/enchondroma/) - [bone infarct](https://iscd.org/tag/bone-infarct/) - [bone island](https://iscd.org/tag/bone-island/) - [calcinosis](https://iscd.org/tag/calcinosis/) - [heterotopic ossification](https://iscd.org/tag/heterotopic-ossification/) - [musculoskeletal trauma.](https://iscd.org/tag/musculoskeletal-trauma/) - [spinal cord injury](https://iscd.org/tag/spinal-cord-injury/) - [calcified tendon](https://iscd.org/tag/calcified-tendon/) - [calcified tendonitis](https://iscd.org/tag/calcified-tendonitis/) - [cholelithiasis; disease entity](https://iscd.org/tag/cholelithiasis-disease-entity/) - [gallstones](https://iscd.org/tag/gallstones/) - [cystic fibrosis; disease entity](https://iscd.org/tag/cystic-fibrosis-disease-entity/) - [malabsorption](https://iscd.org/tag/malabsorption/) - [degenerative change](https://iscd.org/tag/degenerative-change/) - [bridging osteophytes](https://iscd.org/tag/bridging-osteophytes/) - [DISH](https://iscd.org/tag/dish/) - [celiac sprue](https://iscd.org/tag/celiac-sprue/) - [disease entity.](https://iscd.org/tag/disease-entity-2/) - [sprue](https://iscd.org/tag/sprue/) - [Ehlers-Danlos](https://iscd.org/tag/ehlers-danlos/) - [Ehlers-Danlose syndrome](https://iscd.org/tag/ehlers-danlose-syndrome/) - [hypermobilitity](https://iscd.org/tag/hypermobilitity/) - [Elevated bone mineral density](https://iscd.org/tag/elevated-bone-mineral-density/) - [high bone mass](https://iscd.org/tag/high-bone-mass/) - [Z-score](https://iscd.org/tag/z-score/) - [fibroid](https://iscd.org/tag/fibroid/) - [uterine fibroid](https://iscd.org/tag/uterine-fibroid/) - [compression fracture](https://iscd.org/tag/compression-fracture/) - [fracture](https://iscd.org/tag/fracture/) - [vertebral fracture](https://iscd.org/tag/vertebral-fracture/) - [compression](https://iscd.org/tag/compression/) - [disese entity.](https://iscd.org/tag/disese-entity/) - [vertebral compression](https://iscd.org/tag/vertebral-compression/) - [Femoral neck fracture](https://iscd.org/tag/femoral-neck-fracture/) - [hip fracture](https://iscd.org/tag/hip-fracture/) - [Bilateral hip fracture](https://iscd.org/tag/bilateral-hip-fracture/) - [disease entityt](https://iscd.org/tag/disease-entityt/) - [Trochanter fracture](https://iscd.org/tag/trochanter-fracture/) - [ulnar fracture](https://iscd.org/tag/ulnar-fracture/) - [Wrist fracture](https://iscd.org/tag/wrist-fracture/) - [hyperparathyroidism](https://iscd.org/tag/hyperparathyroidism/) - [Primary hyperparathyroidism](https://iscd.org/tag/primary-hyperparathyroidism/) - [hyperthyroidsim](https://iscd.org/tag/hyperthyroidsim/) - [alkaline phosphatase](https://iscd.org/tag/alkaline-phosphatase/) - [Hypophosphatasia](https://iscd.org/tag/hypophosphatasia/) - [Disease Entity. XXY](https://iscd.org/tag/disease-entity-xxy/) - [Klinefelter](https://iscd.org/tag/klinefelter/) - [Klinefelter Syndrome](https://iscd.org/tag/klinefelter-syndrome/) - [laminectomy](https://iscd.org/tag/laminectomy/) - [Breast cancer](https://iscd.org/tag/breast-cancer/) - [metastatic](https://iscd.org/tag/metastatic/) - [diseasae entity](https://iscd.org/tag/diseasae-entity/) - [hypophosphatemic rickets](https://iscd.org/tag/hypophosphatemic-rickets/) - [rickets](https://iscd.org/tag/rickets/) - [Neuroblastoma](https://iscd.org/tag/neuroblastoma/) - [Retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma](https://iscd.org/tag/retroperitoneal-ganglioneuroma/) - [Marfan Syndrome](https://iscd.org/tag/marfan-syndrome/) - [MEN-1](https://iscd.org/tag/men-1/) - [Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia](https://iscd.org/tag/multiple-endocrine-neoplasia/) - [disease entitity](https://iscd.org/tag/disease-entitity/) - [Kidney stone](https://iscd.org/tag/kidney-stone/) - [nephrolithiasis](https://iscd.org/tag/nephrolithiasis/) - [renal stone](https://iscd.org/tag/renal-stone/) - [panniculus](https://iscd.org/tag/panniculus/) - [oncogenic osteomalacia](https://iscd.org/tag/oncogenic-osteomalacia/) - [TIO](https://iscd.org/tag/tio/) - [tumor-induced osteomalacia](https://iscd.org/tag/tumor-induced-osteomalacia/) - [osteogenic osteomalacia](https://iscd.org/tag/osteogenic-osteomalacia/) - [inherited](https://iscd.org/tag/inherited/) - [OI](https://iscd.org/tag/oi/) - [Osteogenesis imperfecta](https://iscd.org/tag/osteogenesis-imperfecta/) - [Paget](https://iscd.org/tag/paget/) - [Paget's Disease](https://iscd.org/tag/pagets-disease/) - [calcified pancreas](https://iscd.org/tag/calcified-pancreas/) - [pancreas](https://iscd.org/tag/pancreas/) - [Turner's Syndrome](https://iscd.org/tag/turners-syndrome/) - [aortic calcification](https://iscd.org/tag/aortic-calcification/) - [atherosclerosis](https://iscd.org/tag/atherosclerosis/) - [vascular calcification](https://iscd.org/tag/vascular-calcification/) - [spine rotation.](https://iscd.org/tag/spine-rotation/) - [hip positioning](https://iscd.org/tag/hip-positioning/) - [hip rotation](https://iscd.org/tag/hip-rotation/) - [spinal level](https://iscd.org/tag/spinal-level/) - [spinal level identification](https://iscd.org/tag/spinal-level-identification/) - [spine segmentation](https://iscd.org/tag/spine-segmentation/) - [Mastocytosis](https://iscd.org/tag/mastocytosis/) - [chronic renal insufficiency](https://iscd.org/tag/chronic-renal-insufficiency/) - [CKD](https://iscd.org/tag/ckd/) - [Fosrenal](https://iscd.org/tag/fosrenal/) - [lanthanum](https://iscd.org/tag/lanthanum/) - [discordance; focal sclerosis](https://iscd.org/tag/discordance-focal-sclerosis/) - [vertebral body discordance.](https://iscd.org/tag/vertebral-body-discordance/) - [forearm positioner](https://iscd.org/tag/forearm-positioner/) - [buttons](https://iscd.org/tag/buttons/) - [forearm](https://iscd.org/tag/forearm/) - [Lokelma](https://iscd.org/tag/lokelma/) - [medication](https://iscd.org/tag/medication/) - [Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate](https://iscd.org/tag/sodium-zirconium-cyclosilicate/) - [mask](https://iscd.org/tag/mask/) - [block](https://iscd.org/tag/block/) - [legs down](https://iscd.org/tag/legs-down/) - [legs up](https://iscd.org/tag/legs-up/) - [spine scanning](https://iscd.org/tag/spine-scanning/) - [spine analysis](https://iscd.org/tag/spine-analysis/) - [global region of interest.](https://iscd.org/tag/global-region-of-interest/) - [femoral neck box](https://iscd.org/tag/femoral-neck-box/) - [femoral neck box placement](https://iscd.org/tag/femoral-neck-box-placement/) - [Hologic](https://iscd.org/tag/hologic/) - [femoral neck](https://iscd.org/tag/femoral-neck/) - [Femoral neck box size](https://iscd.org/tag/femoral-neck-box-size/) - [femoral neck width](https://iscd.org/tag/femoral-neck-width/) - [Femoral neck size](https://iscd.org/tag/femoral-neck-size/) - [Length of femoral neck box](https://iscd.org/tag/length-of-femoral-neck-box/) - [ischium](https://iscd.org/tag/ischium/) - [GE Healthcare](https://iscd.org/tag/ge-healthcare/) - [greater trochanter](https://iscd.org/tag/greater-trochanter/) - [total hip region of interest](https://iscd.org/tag/total-hip-region-of-interest/) - [trochanter](https://iscd.org/tag/trochanter/) - [positioning and analysis](https://iscd.org/tag/positioning-and-analysis/) - [total hip](https://iscd.org/tag/total-hip/) - [lesser trochanter](https://iscd.org/tag/lesser-trochanter/) - [analysis issue](https://iscd.org/tag/analysis-issue/) - [total hip region of interest box](https://iscd.org/tag/total-hip-region-of-interest-box/) - [global hip region of interest box](https://iscd.org/tag/global-hip-region-of-interest-box/) - [hip analysis](https://iscd.org/tag/hip-analysis/) - [global region of interest box](https://iscd.org/tag/global-region-of-interest-box/) - [positioining](https://iscd.org/tag/positioining/) - [region of interest](https://iscd.org/tag/region-of-interest/) - [high](https://iscd.org/tag/high/) - [forearm region of interest](https://iscd.org/tag/forearm-region-of-interest/) - [array mode](https://iscd.org/tag/array-mode/) - [fast array](https://iscd.org/tag/fast-array/) - [scan mode](https://iscd.org/tag/scan-mode/) - [follow-up scan](https://iscd.org/tag/follow-up-scan/) - [lumbar spine area](https://iscd.org/tag/lumbar-spine-area/) - [spine global region of interest size](https://iscd.org/tag/spine-global-region-of-interest-size/) - [spine ROI](https://iscd.org/tag/spine-roi/) - [follow-up](https://iscd.org/tag/follow-up/) - [follow-up analysis](https://iscd.org/tag/follow-up-analysis/) - [spinal levels](https://iscd.org/tag/spinal-levels/) - [hip global ROI size](https://iscd.org/tag/hip-global-roi-size/) - [follw-up](https://iscd.org/tag/follw-up/) - [global hip region of interest size](https://iscd.org/tag/global-hip-region-of-interest-size/) - [edge detection](https://iscd.org/tag/edge-detection/) - [lesser trochanter not outlined](https://iscd.org/tag/lesser-trochanter-not-outlined/) - [poor edge detection](https://iscd.org/tag/poor-edge-detection/) - [pixels](https://iscd.org/tag/pixels/) - [spine edge detection](https://iscd.org/tag/spine-edge-detection/) - [femoral head edge detection](https://iscd.org/tag/femoral-head-edge-detection/) - [Database](https://iscd.org/tag/database/) - [ethnicity](https://iscd.org/tag/ethnicity/) - [gender](https://iscd.org/tag/gender/) - [DXA report](https://iscd.org/tag/dxa-report/) - [report](https://iscd.org/tag/report/) - [forearm scan](https://iscd.org/tag/forearm-scan/) - [hip scan](https://iscd.org/tag/hip-scan/) - [incorrect anaysis](https://iscd.org/tag/incorrect-anaysis/) - [reporting problems](https://iscd.org/tag/reporting-problems/) - [FRAX factors](https://iscd.org/tag/frax-factors/) - [incorrect hip analysis](https://iscd.org/tag/incorrect-hip-analysis/) - [Incorrect analysis of spine and hip scans](https://iscd.org/tag/incorrect-analysis-of-spine-and-hip-scans/) - [incorrect report](https://iscd.org/tag/incorrect-report/) - [femoral neck box width](https://iscd.org/tag/femoral-neck-box-width/) - [total hip global region of interest](https://iscd.org/tag/total-hip-global-region-of-interest/) - [extended hip scan](https://iscd.org/tag/extended-hip-scan/) - [hip scan length](https://iscd.org/tag/hip-scan-length/) - [long hip scan](https://iscd.org/tag/long-hip-scan/) - [Femoral graft](https://iscd.org/tag/femoral-graft/) - [femoral stent](https://iscd.org/tag/femoral-stent/) - [common iliac stents](https://iscd.org/tag/common-iliac-stents/) - [Internal artifacts](https://iscd.org/tag/internal-artifacts/) - [soft tissue calcification](https://iscd.org/tag/soft-tissue-calcification/) - [5 lumbar vertebral bodies with lowest ribs on T11](https://iscd.org/tag/5-lumbar-vertebral-bodies-with-lowest-ribs-on-t11/) - [burst](https://iscd.org/tag/burst/) - [analysis; transgender](https://iscd.org/tag/analysis-transgender/) - [femoral neck positioning](https://iscd.org/tag/femoral-neck-positioning/) - [tantalum clips](https://iscd.org/tag/tantalum-clips/) - [normal scan](https://iscd.org/tag/normal-scan/) - [external artifact; glucose monitor; Dexcom](https://iscd.org/tag/external-artifact-glucose-monitor-dexcom/) - [Normal postmenopausal female](https://iscd.org/tag/normal-postmenopausal-female/) - [DJD](https://iscd.org/tag/djd/) - [GE iDXA](https://iscd.org/tag/ge-idxa/) - [normal hip scan](https://iscd.org/tag/normal-hip-scan/) - [AP Lumbar Spine](https://iscd.org/tag/ap-lumbar-spine/) - [Bone densitometry](https://iscd.org/tag/bone-densitometry/) - [calcified spleen](https://iscd.org/tag/calcified-spleen/) - [sickle cell anemia](https://iscd.org/tag/sickle-cell-anemia/) - [spleen](https://iscd.org/tag/spleen/) - [vertebral fracture assessment.](https://iscd.org/tag/vertebral-fracture-assessment/) - [whole body composition](https://iscd.org/tag/whole-body-composition/) - [spine scan](https://iscd.org/tag/spine-scan/) - [elevated Z-score](https://iscd.org/tag/elevated-z-score/) - [distal femur](https://iscd.org/tag/distal-femur/) - [knee acquisition and analysis scan](https://iscd.org/tag/knee-acquisition-and-analysis-scan/) - [proximal tibia](https://iscd.org/tag/proximal-tibia/) - [femoral fracture](https://iscd.org/tag/femoral-fracture/) - [Left subcapital hip fracture](https://iscd.org/tag/left-subcapital-hip-fracture/) - [lumbar spine region of interest size](https://iscd.org/tag/lumbar-spine-region-of-interest-size/) - [black hole artifacts](https://iscd.org/tag/black-hole-artifacts/) - [Point Typing](https://iscd.org/tag/point-typing/) - [soft tissue detection failure](https://iscd.org/tag/soft-tissue-detection-failure/) - [t](https://iscd.org/tag/t/) - [underestimation](https://iscd.org/tag/underestimation/) - [femoral neck ROI](https://iscd.org/tag/femoral-neck-roi/) - [femur neck box](https://iscd.org/tag/femur-neck-box/) - [serial femur scans](https://iscd.org/tag/serial-femur-scans/) - [short femoral neck](https://iscd.org/tag/short-femoral-neck/) - [buttressing](https://iscd.org/tag/buttressing/) - [hip discordance](https://iscd.org/tag/hip-discordance/) - [Incorrect GE Forearm Positioning](https://iscd.org/tag/incorrect-ge-forearm-positioning/) - [segmentation variants](https://iscd.org/tag/segmentation-variants/) - [transitional vertebra](https://iscd.org/tag/transitional-vertebra/) - [transverse process](https://iscd.org/tag/transverse-process/) - [vertebral identification](https://iscd.org/tag/vertebral-identification/) - [Scoliosis](https://iscd.org/tag/scoliosis/) - [abduction](https://iscd.org/tag/abduction/) - [BMD](https://iscd.org/tag/bmd/) - [FN](https://iscd.org/tag/fn/) - [internal rotation](https://iscd.org/tag/internal-rotation/) - [position](https://iscd.org/tag/position/) - [Exclusion](https://iscd.org/tag/exclusion/) - [GE Lunar Prodigy](https://iscd.org/tag/ge-lunar-prodigy/) - [high bone density](https://iscd.org/tag/high-bone-density/) - [misadventures in DXA imaging](https://iscd.org/tag/misadventures-in-dxa-imaging/) - [Fragility Fractures](https://iscd.org/tag/fragility-fractures/) - [Geriatric](https://iscd.org/tag/geriatric/) - [Incorrect Hologic Spine](https://iscd.org/tag/incorrect-hologic-spine/) - [Osteopetrosis](https://iscd.org/tag/osteopetrosis/) - [Slot error](https://iscd.org/tag/slot-error/) - [tissue thickness](https://iscd.org/tag/tissue-thickness/) - [wrist watch](https://iscd.org/tag/wrist-watch/) - [metastatic prostate cancer](https://iscd.org/tag/metastatic-prostate-cancer/) - [Hypodense artefact](https://iscd.org/tag/hypodense-artefact/) ## CMA Categories - [ISCD Official Positions in practice](https://iscd.org/answers/categories/iscd-official-positions/) - [United States Frax](https://iscd.org/answers/categories/us-frax/) - [General/Other/Unknown](https://iscd.org/answers/categories/general/) - [Performance and analysis of DXA](https://iscd.org/answers/categories/performance-and-analysis-of-dxa/) - [Cross Calibration, Precision Assessment](https://iscd.org/answers/categories/cross-calibration-precision-assessment/) - [Canadian Frax](https://iscd.org/answers/categories/canadian-frax/) - [Fracture Prevention](https://iscd.org/answers/categories/fracture-prevention/) - [Osteoporosis Treatment and Fracture Liaison Services](https://iscd.org/answers/categories/osteoporosis-treatment-and-fracture-liaison-services/) - [Interpreting DXA Exam Results](https://iscd.org/answers/categories/interpreting-dxa-exam-results/) - [Positioning](https://iscd.org/answers/categories/positioning/) - [Ask an ISCD Certified Professional using GE DXA Machines](https://iscd.org/answers/categories/ask-an-iscd-certified-technologist-using-ge/) - [Ask an ISCD Certified Professional using Hologic DXA Machines](https://iscd.org/answers/categories/ask-an-iscd-certified-technologist-using-hologic/) - [DXA Body Composition](https://iscd.org/answers/categories/dxa-body-composition/) - [Pediatric Densitometry](https://iscd.org/answers/categories/pediatric-densitometry/) ## Categories - [ISCD Corporate Members](https://iscd.org/resources/category/iscd-corporate-members/) - [How To's and FAQ's](https://iscd.org/resources/category/faqs/) - [International Resources](https://iscd.org/resources/category/international-resources/) - [Best Practices/Guidelines](https://iscd.org/resources/category/best-practices-guidelines/) - [Professional Resources](https://iscd.org/resources/category/professional-resources/) - [Patient Resources](https://iscd.org/resources/category/patient-resources/) ## Event Categories - [Corporate](https://iscd.org/events/category/corporate/) - [Non-ISCD event](https://iscd.org/events/category/non-iscd-event/) - [ISCD Events](https://iscd.org/events/category/iscd-events/) - [International](https://iscd.org/events/category/international/) ## Portfolio Categories - [Lookbook](https://iscd.org/featured_item_category/lookbook/) - [Design](https://iscd.org/featured_item_category/design/)